{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:36:27Z","timestamp":1788885387678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Probiotics are a group of active microorganisms that form colonies within the body and alter the composition of the flora in a specific area to provide benefits to the host. In this study, a total of 96 Duroc\u2009\u00d7\u2009Landrace\u2009\u00d7\u2009Yorkshire weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 8.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53\u2009kg were employed in a randomized complete block design for a 28-day experiment. Pigs were randomly divided into two treatment groups: the control group (CON) and the complex probiotic group (CON\u2009+\u20090.2% probiotics), respectively. The study found that through the 28-day experiment, the average daily gain (ADG) of the complex probiotic group was significantly higher than that of the CON (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). However, compared with the CON, the feed conversion efficiency significantly decreased on days 0\u201314 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). The addition of dietary complex probiotic significantly increased the villus height (VH) of duodenum and ileum, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces, and decreased fecal methyl mercaptans, acetic acid, and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). It concluded that feeding weaned piglets 0.2% complex probiotic increased the VH of duodenum and ileum, as well as changed the content of SCFAs in feces. This ultimately led to an increase in ADG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1424855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:04:09Z","timestamp":1718946249000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dietary complex probiotic supplementation changed the composition of intestinal short-chain fatty acids and improved the average daily gain of weaned piglets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoya","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.091","article-title":"Weaning \u2014 a challenge to gut physiologists","volume":"108","author":"Lall\u00e8s","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.007","article-title":"Using probiotics to improve swine gut health and nutrient utilization","volume":"3","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-45","article-title":"Examination of the bovine leukocyte environment using immunogenetic biomarkers to assess immunocompetence following exposure to weaning stress","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Loughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2256","article-title":"Weaning induces both transient and long-lasting modifications of absorptive, secretory, and barrier properties of piglet intestine","volume":"134","author":"Boudry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020238","article-title":"The biodegradation role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against harmful effects of mycotoxin contaminated diets on broiler performance, immunity status, and carcass characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Arif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1687-x","article-title":"The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition","volume":"25","author":"Alagawany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091401","article-title":"Probiotics: a dietary factor to modulate the gut microbiome, host immune system, and gut-brain interaction","volume":"8","author":"Hori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2308","article-title":"Influence of probiotics in different energy and nutrient density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and blood characteristics in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"88","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2001.1425","article-title":"Study on the development of a probiotics complex for weaned pigs","volume":"14","author":"Xuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.10238","article-title":"Effects of supplementation of probiotics on the performance, nutrient digestibility and Faecal microflora in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"24","author":"Giang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.011","article-title":"Immunomodulating effects of probiotics for microbiota modulation, gut health and disease resistance in pigs","volume":"233","author":"Roselli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12372","article-title":"Effects of dietary probiotics on growth performance, faecal microbiota and serum profiles in weaned piglets","volume":"54","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020079","article-title":"Dietary complex probiotic supplementation changed the composition of intestinal short-chain fatty acids and improved the average daily gain of growing pigs","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98549-w","article-title":"Effect of functional oils or probiotics on performance and microbiota profile of newly weaned piglets","volume":"11","author":"Vieira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219557","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219557","article-title":"Effect of live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on the performance and cecum microbial profile of suckling piglets","volume":"14","author":"Kiros","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01150-z","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzyme, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-015-0380-z","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus dietary supplementation on the performance, intestinal barrier function, rectal microflora and serum immune function in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide","volume":"107","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12131609","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and fecal microflora in weaned piglets","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2009.01782.x","article-title":"Probiotics and health: a review of the evidence","volume":"34","author":"Weichselbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Bull"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"420","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Swin","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref21","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0672-y","article-title":"Pectin induces an in vitro rumen microbial population shift attributed to the Pectinolytic Treponema group","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4214","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01036-05","article-title":"Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA gene Taq man-based real-time PCR assays for estimation of Total, human, and bovine fecal pollution in water","volume":"72","author":"Layton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12004","article-title":"Introducing GUt low-density Array (GULDA) \u2013 a validated approach for qPCR-based intestinal microbial community analysis","volume":"337","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.118","article-title":"Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4423-4427.2002","article-title":"Quantification of Bacteria adherent to gastrointestinal mucosa by real-time PCR","volume":"40","author":"Huijsdens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00739-09","article-title":"Rumen microbiome composition determined using two nutritional models of subacute ruminal acidosis","volume":"75","author":"Khafipour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.10.014","article-title":"Detection and quantification of spoilage and pathogenic Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis by real-time PCR","volume":"28","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-No","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.11.006","article-title":"The developmental changes in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and shedding in weaning piglets","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky107","article-title":"Early life thermal stress: impact on future thermotolerance, stress response, behavior, and intestinal morphology in piglets exposed to a heat stress challenge during simulated transport 1","volume":"96","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2023.115605","article-title":"The impact of the interaction between dietary total phosphorus level and efficacy of phytase on the performance of growing-finishing pigs","volume":"298","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.01.010","article-title":"Phosphorus nutrition of growing pigs","volume":"9","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233648","article-title":"Dietary soybean oligosaccharides addition increases growth performance and reduces lipid deposition by altering fecal short-chain fatty acids composition in growing pigs","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00879-4","article-title":"Effects of dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation during gestation on the embryonic survival and reproductive performance of high-parity sows","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13132172","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus licheniformis on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, Ileal morphology, intestinal short chain fatty acids, and colonic microflora in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.019","article-title":"The interplay among gut microbiota, hypertension and kidney diseases: the role of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"141","author":"Felizardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60630A","article-title":"Effects of resveratrol on gut microbiota and fat storage in a mouse model with high-fat-induced obesity","volume":"5","author":"Qiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1359-19.2019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids improve Poststroke recovery via immunological mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Sadler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135817","article-title":"Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea","volume":"72","author":"Binder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1996.16.417","article-title":"Interferons and other cytokines in bacterial infections","volume":"16","author":"Degr\u00e9","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(03)00002-6","article-title":"IL-10, an inflammatory\/inhibitory cytokine, but not always","volume":"86","author":"Conti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.4.1162","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"117","author":"Opal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1126\/science.142.3595.1080","article-title":"Gamma-globulins: quantitative relationships in human serum and nonvascular fluids","volume":"142","author":"Chodirker","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00520","article-title":"IgG subclasses and Allotypes: from structure to effector functions","volume":"5","author":"Vidarsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/antib9040053","article-title":"Structure, function, and therapeutic use of IgM antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Keyt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibodies"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20061740","article-title":"Dietary acetic acid reduces serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet","volume":"95","author":"Fushimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.03.176","article-title":"Acetic acid activates hepatic AMPK and reduces hyperglycemia in diabetic KK-A (y) mice","volume":"344","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11248","DOI":"10.3390\/su132011248","article-title":"Environmental impacts associated with intensive production in pig farms in Mexico through life cycle assessment","volume":"13","author":"Giraldi-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain For"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2017.04.011","article-title":"Low frequency aeration of pig slurry affects slurry characteristics and emissions of greenhouse gases and ammonia","volume":"159","author":"Calvet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosyst Eng"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.174","article-title":"Environmental impact of heavy pig production in a sample of Italian farms. A cradle to farm-gate analysis","volume":"565","author":"Pirlo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1975.413735x","article-title":"Effects of aerial Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and swine-house dust on rate of gain and respiratory-tract structure in swine","volume":"41","author":"Curtis","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1424855\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:04:13Z","timestamp":1718946253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1424855\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1424855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1424855","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"article-number":"1424855"}}