{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:21:11Z","timestamp":1790770871954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trichinellosis, caused by <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>), remains a prevalent parasitic zoonosis. Developing new drugs targeting and understanding the immune response against the infection is imperative. Previous research has inadequately explored the efficacy of crude myrrh extract and myrrh-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against trichinellosis, as well as their impact on histopathological, and immunological factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using myrrh, crude myrrh extracts, and albendazole on the intestinal phase of <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>. It also examined the associated histopathological changes and alterations in key immunological markers, including Interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Five groups of 12 mice were allocated as follows: group 1: non-infected, non-treated (negative control), group 2: infected, non-treated (positive control), group 3: infected and treated with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (40\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), group 4: infected and treated with myrrh crude extract (800\u2009mg\/kg), and group 5: infected and treated with albendazole (50\u2009mg\/kg). Treatment was orally administered starting on the 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup> day post-infection and continued for three successive days. Mice of all groups were euthanized on the 6<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> day post-infection, and the intestine of each was isolated for parasitological, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry evaluation of MMP-9, as well as assessment of cytokines level (IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10 gene expressions) via Real-time PCR technique.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study showed a considerable reduction in adult worm count among the treated groups. The mortality rates of adult worms were 88.64% in the silver nanoparticles treated group, 85.17% in the myrrh crude extract group, and 94.07% in the albendazole-treated group. Histopathological examination revealed prominent alterations in the intestine of the infected non-treated mice, which were markedly restored by treatment. Immunohistochemical examination accompanied by significant reduction in MMP-9 expression in the infected mice treated with AgNPs compared to the infected non-treated group, reflecting the role of AgNPs in downgrading the inflammatory reaction in the intestine of infected mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Collectively, this study demonstrates the novel antiparasitic potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized with myrrh against <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> in infected mice. The treatment was associated with moderate rise in IFN-\u03b3 gene expression and IL-10 expression, highlighting its therapeutic efficacy against <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1433964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T12:05:18Z","timestamp":1727957118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Therapeutic effects of myrrh extract and myrrh-based silver nanoparticles on Trichinella spiralis-infected mice: parasitological, histopathological, and immunological (IFN-\u03b3, IL-10, and MMP-9) investigations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Salwa Mahmoud","family":"Abd-ELrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed 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