{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:00:48Z","timestamp":1792810848612,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a significant health problem worldwide, including in Bangladesh, where chickens are an important protein source for human nutrition. One of the factors accelerating the development of antimicrobial resistance is the inappropriate use of antimicrobials on commercial chicken farms. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on 140 commercial chicken farms in the Chattogram district of Bangladesh to investigate the association between antimicrobial use and resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. cultured from cloacal swabs of chickens and from the poultry shed environment. All\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobial classes, including those categorized as \u201cHighest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials\u201d for human medicine. Notably, resistance was observed in\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from farms that did not use these antimicrobial classes in the current production cycle. For example, although quinolones were not used on 43.9% of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive farms, 95.7% of these farms had quinolone-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. The results of the path analysis revealed that there was a \u201cdirect effect\u201d of the frequency of antimicrobial usage on \u201chigh\u201d resistance, with resistance increasing when antimicrobials were administered more frequently (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.28,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). There was a \u201cdirect effect\u201d of the purpose of antimicrobial use on \u201clow\u201d resistance, with resistance marginally decreasing when antimicrobials were administered solely for therapeutic use (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u22120.17,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.062), but increasing when they were used prophylactically. Overall, the study results could be used to educate farmers on better practices for antimicrobial administration, and to guide government agencies to update policies on antimicrobial use and resistance surveillance in the poultry sector of Bangladesh.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1435111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:55:19Z","timestamp":1724892919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between antimicrobial usage and resistance on commercial broiler and layer farms in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Foysal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasneem","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shetu B.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine S.","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashed","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman D.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Fourni\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Ahasanul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S55778","article-title":"Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Economou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050570","article-title":"Detection of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria Staphylococcus chromogenes isolated from sheep\u2019s milk and cheese","volume":"10","author":"Regecov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3923\/ajpsaj.2017.1.13","article-title":"Status of poultry industry in Bangladesh and the role of private sector for its development","volume":"11","author":"Hamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933913000652","article-title":"Family poultry production in Bangladesh: is it meaningful or an aimless journey?","volume":"69","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Livestock production systems and their distribution pattern in Bangladesh: a review","volume":"4","author":"Hamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent J Bangladesh Open Univ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576113","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.576113","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of antimicrobial usage on commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"Imam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227947","article-title":"Tackling antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh: a scoping review of policy and practice in human, animal and environment sectors","volume":"15","author":"Hoque","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00078","article-title":"Drivers of antibiotic use in poultry production in Bangladesh: dependencies and dynamics of a patron-client relationship. Frontiers in veterinary","volume":"7","author":"Masud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105500","article-title":"Association between farm biosecurity practices and antimicrobial usage on commercial chicken farms in Chattogram, Bangladesh","volume":"196","author":"Imam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70189-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status","volume":"5","author":"Okeke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081264","article-title":"A review of antimicrobial resistance in poultry farming within low-resource settings","volume":"10","author":"Hedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"276","article-title":"Antibiotic usage patterns in selected broiler farms of Bangladesh and their public health implications","volume":"2","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health Dev Ctries"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1441-1447","article-title":"Assessing farmers\u2019 perspective on antibiotic usage and management practices in small-scale layer farms of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Veterinary","volume":"12","author":"Ferdous","year":"2019","journal-title":"WORLD"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"73","article-title":"Bacteria causing omphalitis in newly hatched chicks from broiler and layer flocks and their antibiotic profiles","volume":"4","author":"Shahjada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nat Soc Sci"},{"key":"ref15","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref16","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref17","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122239","article-title":"Escherichia coli as commensal and pathogenic bacteria among food-producing animals: health implications of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production","volume":"10","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425564","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2425564","article-title":"A systematic review on the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry and poultry environments in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2021","volume":"2023","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8071021","article-title":"Molecular detection of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) for the first time in layer farms in Bangladesh and their antibiotic resistance patterns","volume":"8","author":"Ievy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4674235","article-title":"Review on major food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens","volume":"2020","author":"Abebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease","author":"Quinn","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483637","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1483637","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in South East Asia: time to ask the right questions","volume":"11","author":"Kakkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial suceptibility testing","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1637\/9686-021411-Reg.1","article-title":"High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Escherichia coli from large- and small-scale poultry farms in Bangladesh","volume":"55","author":"Hasan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12808","article-title":"Five rules for resistance management in the antibiotic apocalypse, a road map for integrated microbial management","volume":"12","author":"Raymond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2307\/2340521","article-title":"On the interpretation of \u03c7 2 from contingency tables, and the calculation of P","volume":"85","author":"Fisher","year":"1922","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Path analysis. The international encyclopedia of communication research methods","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.369","article-title":"Correlation between the usage volume of veterinary therapeutic antimicrobials and resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of food-producing animals in Japan","volume":"58","author":"Asai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref33","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref34","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315814919","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: Analyses with SAS and IBM\u2019s SPSS","author":"Pituch","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020120","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella species isolates from chickens in live bird markets and boot swabs from layer farms in Timor-Leste","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030118","article-title":"Susceptibility and multidrug resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolated from cloacal swabs of live broiler chickens in Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Azad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14883-7","article-title":"Sink survey to investigate multidrug resistance pattern of common foodborne bacteria from wholesale chicken markets in Dhaka city of Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Parvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.064","article-title":"Longitudinal monitoring of multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli on broiler chicken fattening farms in Shandong, China","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x.Jfp-17-191","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profile of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens in Qatar","volume":"81","author":"Eltai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050934","article-title":"Cross-sectional study for detection and risk factor analysis of ESBL-producing avian pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with backyard chickens in Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eou024","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance management","volume":"2014","author":"Read","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2019.00074","article-title":"Pastured poultry production in the United States: strategies to balance system sustainability and environmental impact","volume":"3","author":"Rothrock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12185","article-title":"Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: how worried should we be?","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evol Appl"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01728","article-title":"Review of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and its relevance to environmental regulators","volume":"7","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.07.007","article-title":"Human exposure to antimicrobial resistance from poultry production: assessing hygiene and waste-disposal practices in Bangladesh","volume":"222","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09996-y","article-title":"Prevalence and characterisation of antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 and 2 integrons in multiresistant Escherichia coli isolated from poultry production","volume":"12","author":"Racewicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12186","article-title":"Household animal and human medicine use and animal husbandry practices in rural Bangladesh: risk factors for emerging zoonotic disease and antibiotic resistance","volume":"62","author":"Roess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1543","article-title":"Long-term effects of early life microbiota disturbance on adaptive immunity in laying hens, poultry science","author":"Simon","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12839","article-title":"Effects of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial uses in small-scale chicken flocks","volume":"68","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of social measurement","author":"Kempf-Leonard","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref56","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.06.005","article-title":"Use of colistin-containing products within the European Union and European economic area (EU\/EEA): development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health","volume":"46","author":"Catry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03385-12","article-title":"Colistin MIC variability by method for contemporary clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli","volume":"51","author":"Hindler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1435111\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:55:28Z","timestamp":1724892928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1435111\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1435111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1435111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"article-number":"1435111"}}