{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:47:26Z","timestamp":1789379246451,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This randomized prospective clinical study aimed to compare the hemodynamic effects of propofol and alfaxalone for the induction of anesthesia in dogs. Thirty-one healthy dogs undergoing various procedures in a private referral center were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.015\u2009mg\/kg) and methadone (0.15\u2009mg\/kg). They then received 5\u2009mg\/kg of propofol over 30\u2009s for induction, followed by a maintenance dose of 25\u2009mg\/kg\/h (Group P), or 2\u2009mg\/kg of alfaxalone over 30\u2009s for induction, followed by a continuous rate infusion of 10\u2009mg\/kg\/h (Group A). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and the velocity time integral (VTI) of the aortic blood flow using transthoracic echocardiography were measured before anesthetic induction and every 15\u2009s for 180\u2009s. Dogs not adequately anaesthetized for intubation were excluded from the hemodynamic evaluation. Events of hypotension (any MAP value lower than 60\u2009mmHg) were also recorded. Statistical analyses utilized ANOVA for repeated measures, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, paired t-tests, or Wilcoxon signed rank-test as appropriate. Significance was set at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05. Two dogs in Group P (2\/14) and 3 in Group A (3\/17) were excluded from the study because the anesthesia plane was too light to allow intubation. Treatment P resulted in a significant decrease in MAP between 45 and 75\u2009s during the induction period, with no significant variation in HR, VTI, and VTI*HR. In treatment A, HR increases between 60 and 105\u2009s, VTI decreases at 150\u2013180\u2009s. Analysis between groups did not show any difference in MAP (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.12), HR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.10), VTI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.22) and VTI*HR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.74). During induction, hypotension was detected in 3\/12 (25%) dogs in Group P and 1\/14 (8%) in Group A. In healthy premedicated dogs, propofol and alfaxalone induction produce similar hemodynamic variations. Propofol induction results in a short-term reduction in MAP, whereas alfaxalone induction preserves MAP and cardiac output by significantly increasing heart rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1442670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T05:13:40Z","timestamp":1726031620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of hemodynamic effects of propofol or alfaxalone during induction in dogs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Diego","family":"Sarotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Oricco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Rabozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13454","article-title":"Clinical review of the pharmacological and anaesthetic effects of alfaxalone in dogs","volume":"63","author":"Mart\u00edn Bellido","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(99)50059-4","article-title":"Propofol anesthesia","volume":"29","author":"Short","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00700.x","article-title":"Comparison of alfaxalone and propofol administered as total intravenous anaesthesia for ovariohysterectomy in dogs","volume":"39","author":"Suarez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00264.x","article-title":"Plasma pharmacokinetics of alfaxalone in dogs after an intravenous bolus of alfaxan-cd Rtu","volume":"33","author":"Ferr\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.12.1421","article-title":"Recovery characteristics of dogs following anesthesia induced with tiletamine-zolazepam, alfaxalone, ketamine-diazepam, or propofol and maintained with isoflurane","volume":"254","author":"Hampton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00577.x","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone, or diazepam\/fentanyl for induction of anaesthesia in dogs that are a poor anaesthetic risk","volume":"38","author":"Psatha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12223","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of the combination of butorphanol, midazolam and alfaxalone in beagle dogs","volume":"42","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1608-8","article-title":"Haemodynamic changes during propofol induction in dogs: new findings and approach of monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Cattai","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199507000-00025","article-title":"Hemodynamic changes during induction of anesthesia with eltanolone and propofol in dogs","volume":"81","author":"Wouters","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14293","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of a low versus a high dose of propofol during induction of anesthesia. 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