{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:40:15Z","timestamp":1790354415425,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schistosomiasis affects approximately 250 million people worldwide, with 200,000 deaths annually. It has been documented that the granulomatous response to <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>) oviposition is the root cause of progressive liver fibrosis in chronic infection, in 20% of the patients, and can lead to liver cirrhosis and\/or liver cancer. The influence of helminths coinfection on schistosomiasis-induced liver pathological alterations remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>) infection on <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>-induced hepatic fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty adult male Balb-c mice were divided into three groups. Group 1 was left uninfected; group 2 was infected with <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> cercariae and group 3 was orally infected with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> larvae, then 28 days later, this group was infected with <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> cercariae. All groups were sacrificed at the end of the 8<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> week post infection with <jats:italic>S. mansoni to evaluate<\/jats:italic> the effect of pre-infection with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> on <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> induced liver fibrosis was evaluated parasitologically (worm burden and egg count in tissues), biochemically (levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), histopathologically (H&amp;amp;E and MT staining, and immunohistochemical staining for the expression of \u03b1-SMA, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, IL-17, IL-23, TNF-\u03b1, and TGF-\u03b2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results in the present study demonstrated marked protective effect of <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> against <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> induced liver pathology. We demonstrated that pre-infection with <jats:italic>T. spirais<\/jats:italic> caused marked reduction in the number of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> adult worms (3.17 \u00b1 0.98 vs. 18 \u00b1 2.16, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.114) and egg count in both the intestine (207.2 \u00b1 64.3 vs. 8,619.43 \u00b1 727.52, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009) and liver tissues (279 \u00b1 87.2 vs. 7,916.86 \u00b1 771.34; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014). Consistently, we found significant reductions in both number (3.4 \u00b1 1.1 vs. 11.8.3 \u00b1 1.22; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.007) and size (84 \u00b1 11 vs. 294.3 \u00b1 16.22; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) of the hepatic granulomas in mice pre-infected with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> larvae compared to those infected with only <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, pre- infection with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> markedly reduced <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>- induced hepatic fibrosis, as evidenced by decreased collagen deposition, low expression of \u03b1-SMA, and significantly reduced levels of IL-17, IL-1B, IL-6, TGF-B, IL-23, and TNF-\u03b1 compared to mice infected with <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data show that pre-infection with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> effectively protected mice from severe schistosomiasis and liver fibrosis. We believe that our findings support the potential utility of helminths for the preventing and ameliorating severe pathological alterations induced by schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1443267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T16:11:28Z","timestamp":1728403888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prior Trichinella spiralis infection protects against Schistosoma mansoni induced hepatic fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Asmaa M.","family":"El-kady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Altwaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed H.","family":"Wakid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa S.","family":"Banjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashael S.","family":"Alfaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayam","family":"Elshazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafa Abdullah I.","family":"Al-Megrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Abdullah","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem A.","family":"Elshabrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2022.080","article-title":"Potential of anisakiasis in foodborne zoonosis","volume":"42","author":"Aguilar-Marcelino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pakistan Veter J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2022.008","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in food animals\u2013a neglected and prevailing zoonosis","volume":"42","author":"Mahmood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak Vet J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501820","article-title":"Helminth products protect against autoimmunity via innate type 2 cytokines Il-5 and Il-33, which promote eosinophilia","volume":"196","author":"Finlay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:26:1:25","article-title":"Helminth infections and allergic diseases: from the th2 paradigm to regulatory networks","volume":"26","author":"Capron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1601","article-title":"A worm's eye view of the immune system: consequences for evolution of human autoimmune disease","volume":"5","author":"Dunne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.09.001","article-title":"Infections and allergy - 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