{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T18:56:27Z","timestamp":1793904987102,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgical site infections (SSI) following clean abdominal surgery in cattle pose significant economic and welfare concerns. Preoperative skin asepsis aims to minimize microbial load over the surgical field before and throughout surgery to minimize its risk. While chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PVI) are commonly used antiseptics for this purpose, our study introduces the so far unexplored use of octenidine (OCT) in veterinary surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared in a single-center, prospective, randomized, outcome-blinded, 3-arm trial the effectiveness of an OCT-based protocol to CHX- and PVI-based protocols. Cattle aged 2\u2009years or older, needing a clean standing flank laparotomy (e.g., exploratory laparotomy, right flank omentopexy, left flank abomasopexy), were eligible. Exclusion criteria comprised skin abnormalities, recent antibiotic use, or debilitating conditions with systemic involvement or distant site infections. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 with concealed allocation using unique identifiers. Skin bacterial reduction (immediate [IRF] and delayed [DRF] reduction factors), SSI rate, and wound scores were evaluated. Wound scores were rated on a 0 to 6 scale, considering the presence and severity of discharge and swelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of 373 assessed cattle, 126 were included and randomized: PVI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200942), CHX (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200941), OCT (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200943). All protocols significantly reduced bacterial counts, with PVI exhibiting lower IRF. No significant differences were observed in DRF. The summer season and duration of surgical procedures had a negative impact on IRF and DRF in all groups, respectively. Nine of 118 patients (7.6%) with complete follow-up developed SSI. Higher wound scores were associated with development of SSI. Wound scores \u22653 at day 10 postoperatively predicted SSI with high sensitivity and specificity. Microbial flora in SSI included typical skin bacteria and opportunistic pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>All protocols met minimum FDA standards in reducing bacterial colonization. While limited by sample size and single-center design, this study confirms the OCT-based protocol as a valuable option for preoperative skin asepsis in clean abdominal bovine surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1446649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T16:19:21Z","timestamp":1733501961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preoperative skin asepsis in bovine surgery: an outcome-blinded 3-arm randomized clinical trial under non-sterile operating room conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Marchionatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Constant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01422.x","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of two surgical scrub preparations in cattle","volume":"25","author":"Desrochers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"199","article-title":"Comparaison de quatre protocoles de pr\u00e9paration pr\u00e9op\u00e9ratoire chez le bovin [Comparison of four protocols for preoperative preparation in cattle]","volume":"42","author":"B\u00e9dard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.01089.x","article-title":"Comparison of two surgical site protocols for cattle in a field setting","volume":"42","author":"Bourel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.010","article-title":"Aspects of bovine caesarean section associated with calf mortality, dam survival and subsequent fertility","volume":"197","author":"Lyons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.7.814","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome for cattle that developed retroperitoneal abscesses following paralumbar fossa laparotomy: 32 cases (1995-2017)","volume":"256","author":"Ferraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.363","article-title":"Surgical site infections and the microbiome: an updated perspective","volume":"40","author":"Wenzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0904","article-title":"Healthcare infection control practices advisory committee. 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