{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T11:27:20Z","timestamp":1793532440865,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In dogs undergoing vertebral column stabilization, post-operative computed tomography (CT) evaluates implant placement. The impact on the interpretation of metallic artifact associated with titanium implants in dogs remains to be established. Our objective was to quantify metallic artifact on CT associated with titanium pedicle screws.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study design included an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model and a retrospective review of 11 dogs with vertebral column stabilization. Twenty four titanium pedicle screws (6 each: 2.0\u2009mm, 2.7\u2009mm, 3.5\u2009mm, and 4.5\u2009mm) were inserted into a 20% ballistic gel, and CT scan of the construct was performed. Three blinded raters used a bone window to measure the maximum width (effective size) of each screw, one rater measured effective size using an ultrawide window and 45 titanium pedicle screws (3\u00d72.0\u2009mm, 5\u00d72.7\u2009mm, 30\u00d73.5\u2009mm, and 7\u00d74.5\u2009mm) in 11 clinical cases. Effective size measurements were compared to actual screw sizes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effective size was 26.9\u201343.8%, 9.2\u201318.5%, and 21.1\u201330.5% larger than the actual size for the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> system (bone window), <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> system (ultrawide window), and clinical cases, respectively. The mean gross difference for the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> measurements varied by implant size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and was positively correlated with implant size (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.846), but the mean percentage difference was negatively correlated with implant size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Overestimation was larger for the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model bone window compared to the ultrawide window (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and clinical cases (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metallic artifact associated with titanium pedicle screws on CT resulted in an overestimation of screw size. This information might aid in the interpretation of implant placement on post-operative imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1448188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T10:51:29Z","timestamp":1722423089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantification of metallic artifact on CT associated with titanium pedicle screws"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"M. J.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Early","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00070.x","article-title":"Computed tomography study of implantation corridors in canine vertebrae","volume":"47","author":"Watine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.12.1674","article-title":"Angle of insertion and confirmation of 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