{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:41:57Z","timestamp":1790271717733,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1 (BVDV1) and HoBi-like virus (BVDV3), both within the same genus, share genomic homology and exhibit low antigenic cross-reactivity despite presenting similar clinical manifestations. In 2021, a bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) outbreak on two cattle farms in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China resulted in ten fatalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses were used to identify viral agents, including a co-infection case. A genetic evolution analysis assessed the relationships with related strains. Experimental infections in guinea pigs and calves evaluated the pathogenicity of the viruses<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phylogenetic analysis of the BVDV3 isolate IM2201 revealed close relatedness to Brazilian strains, with 97.06% nucleotide homology to the highly virulent strain SV478\/07. Experimental co-infection in guinea pigs resulted in more severe clinical signs, including fever, cough, diarrhea, and significant pathological changes, and led to a higher mortality rate (40%) compared to no mortality from single-virus infections with BVDV1 or BVDV3. Similarly, co-infected cattle exhibited more severe clinical signs, including bloody diarrhea and rectal temperatures exceeding 40\u00b0C, along with persistent viremia and nasal viral shedding from 7 to 21 days post-infection. Blood analysis revealed significant reductions in white blood cell counts, particularly in co-infected cattle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the enhanced pathogenicity and synergistic effects of BVDV1 and BVDV3 co-infection, exacerbating disease severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1464745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T12:37:08Z","timestamp":1731415028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhanced pathogenicity and synergistic effects of co-infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and HoBi-like virus in cattle and guinea pigs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoru","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linglong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813520250","article-title":"Bovine 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