{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:08:56Z","timestamp":1788473336343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infectious Bronchitis (IB), caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is a significant contagious respiratory disease in the poultry industry. The emergence of new variants represents a global challenge for the diagnosis and control of the disease. Despite vaccination efforts in poultry farms in the Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates (UAE), outbreaks continue to occur, raising concerns about the efficacy of vaccination protocols and the potential emergence of new viral strains. This study aims to provide information on clinical, pathological, and genotypes of IBV detected within the Abu Dhabi Emirate, during 2022\u20132023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological data were collected from twelve suspected IB outbreaks across seven broiler farms located in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. The cases were investigated through clinical and pathological examinations and Forty-six samples, including lung, spleen, kidney tissues, and oro-cloacal swabs, were collected for further analysis. The virus was detected by RT-qPCR assay, genotyping was determined by phylogenetic analysis of the Spike (S)-1 gene, and differentiation between field and vaccine strains was determined by comparing their sequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The age of the affected flocks varies from 2 to 5\u202fweeks. The highest morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 36, 33, and 95%, respectively. Necropsy examination revealed characteristic respiratory and renal pathological lesions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a co-circulation of three lineages of IBV genotype GI-13 or 4\/91 serotype (81.8%), GI-1 or Massachusetts serotype (9.1%) and GI-23 or Middle East serotype (9.1%). Approximately 90.9% of the strains classified within GI-1 and G1-13 lineages are 99 to 100% identical to 4\/91 and Mass serotypes, respectively, and are considered as vaccine strains. Two strains (9.1%) classified within GI-23 lineage have a\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f99% identity to the 4\/91 and Mass serotypes vaccine strains and are considered as filed strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Co-circulation of three IBV lineages (GI-13, GI-1, and GI-23) in the Abu Dhabi broiler flocks showing IB symptoms were detected. This complex scenario of different IBV lineages circulation may account for the persistent outbreaks despite vaccination efforts. The results of the study are crucial for optimum IB vaccination and monitoring strategies or designing new vaccines based on local IBV field strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1474181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T14:37:11Z","timestamp":1737988631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical, pathological, and genotypic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus in broiler chickens in the Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hassan Zackaria Ali","family":"Ishag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelnasir Mohammed Adam","family":"Terab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim Mohamad Abdalsalam","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Tigani Ahmed","family":"El Tigani-Asil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Saleh","family":"Albreiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oum Keltoum","family":"Bensalah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma Abdi Mohamed","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelmalik Ibrahim","family":"Khalafalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06987-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains circulating in southern China during the period from 2013\u20132015","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325346","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1325346","article-title":"Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) review by continent","volume":"14","author":"Rafique","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101169","article-title":"Distribution and molecular characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southern China","volume":"100","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.566260","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus variants: a review of the history, current situation and control measures","volume":"40","author":"De Wit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.605782","article-title":"Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Russia and neighbouring countries: identification of intertypic recombination in the S1 gene","volume":"40","author":"Ovchinnikova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Virus taxonomy: Ninth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses","author":"King","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.710.333","article-title":"Isolation and molecular detection of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from chicken","volume":"7","author":"Shyma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5455\/ajvs.160278","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of novel IBV isolates from broiler chicken farms in Egypt","volume":"42","author":"Awad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alexandria J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450801986529","article-title":"A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction survey of infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in Western Europe from 2002 to 2006","volume":"37","author":"Worthington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4621659","article-title":"Pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of avian infectious bronchitis","volume":"2016","author":"Bande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Virolo"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-36","article-title":"Detection of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in broiler chickens","volume":"2","author":"Jahantigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001828","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001828","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus: an overview of the \u201cchicken coronavirus\u201d","volume":"73","author":"Falchieri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2016.7879","article-title":"Pathological studies on infectious bronchitis disease in chickens","volume":"44","author":"El-Fetouh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0711-y","article-title":"Assessment of pathogenicity and tissue distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains (Italy 02 genotype) isolated from moroccan broiler chickens","volume":"12","author":"Khataby","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.22092\/ari.2007.103779","article-title":"Experimental histopathologic study of the lesions induced by serotype 793\/B (4\/91) infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"62","author":"Pourbakhsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Razi Institute"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.07.018","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a real-time Taqman RT-PCR assay for the detection of infectious bronchitis virus from infected chickens","volume":"138","author":"Callison","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.31.9.424","article-title":"Diagnosis of infectious bronchitis in chickens","volume":"31","author":"Ganapathy","year":"2009","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2307\/1588441","article-title":"Respiratory signs, immunity response, and interference from vaccination with monovalent and multivalent infectious bronchitis vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Winterfield","year":"1968","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1637\/11788-122217-Reg.1","article-title":"Using multinomial and space-time permutation models to understand the epidemiology of infectious bronchitis in California between 2008 and 2012","volume":"62","author":"Aleuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-010-0517-0","article-title":"Complete genome sequence and recombination analysis of infectious bronchitis virus attenuated vaccine strain H120","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.05.003","article-title":"Molecular evolution and emergence of avian gammacoronaviruses","volume":"12","author":"Jackwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.10.017","article-title":"Full genome sequence analysis of a newly emerged QX-like infectious bronchitis virus from Sudan reveals distinct spots of recombination","volume":"46","author":"Naguib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459708419239","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the 793\/B serotype of infectious bronchitis virus in Great Britain","volume":"26","author":"Adzhar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.02.015","article-title":"S1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: an attempt to harmonize virus classification","volume":"39","author":"Valastro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104177","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus in Poland from 1980 to 2017","volume":"80","author":"Domanska-Blicharz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102076","article-title":"Research note: high genetic diversity of infectious bronchitis virus from Mexico","volume":"101","author":"Mendoza-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252317000044","article-title":"Global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review","volume":"18","author":"Bande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04920-z","article-title":"The emergence, evolution and spread of infectious bronchitis virus genotype GI-23","volume":"166","author":"Houta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.017","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of a novel serotype infectious bronchitis virus (GI-28) in China","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.11.007","article-title":"Characterization of the complete genome, antigenicity, pathogenicity, tissue tropism, and shedding of a recombinant avian infectious bronchitis virus with a ck\/CH\/LJL\/140901-like backbone and an S2 fragment from a 4\/91-like virus","volume":"244","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11060605","article-title":"Evolutionary analysis of infectious bronchitis virus reveals marked genetic diversity and recombination events","volume":"11","author":"Rohaim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.01.020","article-title":"Novel genotype of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China","volume":"230","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00509","article-title":"Molecular subtype of infectious bronchitis virus in broiler flocks in Jordan","volume":"87","author":"Roussan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1445-1","article-title":"Emergence of a novel genotype of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Egypt","volume":"157","author":"Abdel-Moneim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.52.2004.2.4","article-title":"A survey of the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus type 4\/91 in Iran","volume":"52","author":"Seyfi Abad Shapouri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2014.01.001","article-title":"Detection of variant infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler flocks in Libya","volume":"2","author":"Awad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.12.018","article-title":"Molecular detection of infectious bronchitis and avian metapneumoviruses in Oman backyard poultry","volume":"99","author":"Al-Shekaili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.22067\/ijvst.2021.68272.1009","article-title":"Detection of mutant infectious bronchitis viruses of GI-23 lineage from commercial chicken flocks in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran in 2019","volume":"13","author":"Tabatabaeizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iranian J Vet Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05788-7","article-title":"Molecular identification of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from respiratory diseases in some Iranian broiler flocks","volume":"47","author":"Ghorbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6037893","article-title":"Cocirculation of four infectious bronchitis virus lineages in broiler chickens in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2014","volume":"1","author":"Al-Mubarak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.07.019","article-title":"Genotypes of infectious bronchitis viruses circulating in the Middle East between 2009 and 2014","volume":"210","author":"Ganapathy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Bancroft's theory and practice of histological techniques E-book","author":"Suvarna","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"317","article-title":"Prevalence of avian infectious bronchitis virus in broiler chicken farms in south of Iraq, 2014\u20132015","volume":"7","author":"Seger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7040187","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and genotyping of infectious bronchitis virus and avian metapneumovirus in backyard and commercial chickens in Jimma zone, southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Tegegne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm404","article-title":"Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0","volume":"23","author":"Larkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-017-0375-7","article-title":"Molecular survey and phylogenic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) circulating among chicken flocks in Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Al-Hammad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Adv"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2013.10.002","article-title":"Molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler and layer chicken farms in Egypt during 2012","volume":"1","author":"Selim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.08.002","article-title":"Genotyping of avian infectious bronchitis viruses in Iran (2015\u20132017) reveals domination of IS-1494 like virus","volume":"240","author":"Hamadan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.21859\/isv.9.2.31","article-title":"Genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses in the east of Iran, 2015","volume":"9","author":"Ghalyanchi-Langeroudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iranian J Virol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-2790-2","article-title":"Genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses from broiler farms in Iraq during 2014-2015","volume":"161","author":"Seger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/424860","article-title":"Progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis","volume":"2015","author":"Bande","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33129-1","article-title":"Isolation of avian infectious bronchitis virus from experimentally infected chickens","volume":"23","author":"Alexander","year":"1977","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1637\/6087","article-title":"Establishment of persistent avian infectious bronchitis virus infection in antibody-free and antibody-positive chickens","volume":"47","author":"Naqi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.916395","article-title":"Genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses identified in Canada between 2000 and 2013","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176709","article-title":"Different evolutionary trajectories of vaccine-controlled and non-controlled avian infectious bronchitis viruses in commercial poultry","volume":"12","author":"Jackwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6388","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez473","article-title":"Vaccine or field strains: the jigsaw pattern of infectious bronchitis virus molecular epidemiology in Poland","volume":"98","author":"Legnardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459708419194","article-title":"Relationship between sequence variation in the S1 spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus and the extent of cross-protection in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Cavanagh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091698","article-title":"Host antiviral responses against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV): focus on innate immunity","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2307\/1592691","article-title":"Isolation of Georgia variant (Georgia isolate 1992) infectious bronchitis virus but not Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale from a Kentucky broiler complex","volume":"42","author":"Erbeck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/1588215","article-title":"Identification and epizootiology of infectious bronchitis in a closed flock","volume":"10","author":"Purchase","year":"1966","journal-title":"Avian Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1474181\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T14:37:17Z","timestamp":1737988637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1474181\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1474181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1474181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"article-number":"1474181"}}