{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:26:38Z","timestamp":1791599198673,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ruminant animals naturally emit methane gas owing to anaerobic microbial fermentation in the rumen, and these gases are considered major contributors to global warming. Scientists worldwide are attempting to minimize methane emissions from ruminant animals. Some of these attempts include the manipulation of rumen microbes using antibiotics, synthetic chemicals, dietary interventions, probiotics, propionate enhancers, stimulation of acetogens, manipulation of rumination time, vaccination, and genetic selection of animals that produce low methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). The majority of synthetic additives are harmful to both beneficial rumen microbes and the host or only temporarily affect methanogenesis. Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have recently emerged as the best alternatives to antibiotics and synthetic chemicals because of growing public concerns regarding drug resistance and the negative impacts of antibiotics and synthetic chemicals on humans, livestock, and the environment. These additives reduce methane production and improve the volatile fatty acid profile. In this review, we provide an overview of PFA sources and how their bioactive components affect the rumen microbiome to reduce methane emissions. Additionally, we highlight the mechanisms of action of PFAs as a whole, as well as some of their bioactive components. We also review some selected trees, herbs, shrubs, and forages and their roles in reducing methane emissions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1475322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T01:24:56Z","timestamp":1732152296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The roles of phytogenic feed additives, trees, shrubs, and forages on mitigating ruminant methane emission"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Bature","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Xiaohu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2017.02.001","article-title":"Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation","volume":"16","author":"Rojas-Downing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim Risk Manag"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106575","article-title":"Prediction of enteric methane production, yield and intensity of beef cattle using an intercontinental database","volume":"283","author":"Van Lingen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.04.008","article-title":"Methane emission by sectors: a comprehensive review of emission sources and mitigation methods","volume":"16","author":"Yusuf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew Sust Energ Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97291-2_19","article-title":"Feasible strategies for enteric methane mitigation from dairy animals","volume-title":"Animal manure: agricultural and biotechnological applications","author":"Tyagi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040951","article-title":"Methane emissions from ruminants in Australia: mitigation potential and applicability of mitigation strategies","volume":"11","author":"Black","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Climate change 2001: The scientific basis: Contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","author":"Houghton","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100830","article-title":"Reducing enteric methane emissions improves energy metabolism in livestock: is the tenet right?","volume":"17","author":"Morgavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10113","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12987","article-title":"A 100-year review: metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition","volume":"100","author":"McGuffey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.004","article-title":"Progressive adaptation of sheep to a microencapsulated blend of essential oils: ruminal fermentation, methane emission, nutrient digestibility, and microbial protein synthesis","volume":"237","author":"Soltan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Ruminal microbiome manipulation to improve fermentation efficiency in ruminants","volume-title":"Animal feed science and nutrition-production, health and environment","author":"Soltan","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-65-183-2022","article-title":"Growth performance, carcass yield and characteristics, meat quality, serum biochemistry, jejunal histomorphometry, oxidative stability of liver and breast muscle, and immune response of broiler chickens fed natural antioxidant alone or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis","volume":"65","author":"Ahsan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Anim Breed"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.018","article-title":"Bioactive plants and plant products: effects on animal function, health and welfare","volume":"176","author":"Durmic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.08.017","article-title":"Plant bioactives for ruminant health and productivity","volume":"69","author":"Rochfort","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.14720\/aas.2009.94.2.14834","article-title":"Use of herbs and spices and their extracts in animal nutrition","volume":"94","author":"FrAnKI\u010c","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Agric Slov"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575801","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.575801","article-title":"Phytogenic additives can modulate rumen microbiome to mediate fermentation kinetics and methanogenesis through exploiting diet\u2013microbe interaction","volume":"7","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30194-0_1","article-title":"Rumen symbioses","volume-title":"The prokaryotes: Prokaryotic biology and symbiotic associations","author":"Mizrahi","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00296","article-title":"Redundancy, resilience, and host specificity of the ruminal microbiota: implications for engineering improved ruminal fermentations","volume":"6","author":"Weimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112000419","article-title":"Rumen microbial (meta) genomics and its application to ruminant production","volume":"7","author":"Morgavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0141-0","article-title":"The ruminal microbiome associated with methane emissions from ruminant livestock","volume":"8","author":"Tapio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.108882","volume-title":"The use of energy values in the computation of rations for farm animals","author":"Armsby","year":"1916"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0145-9","article-title":"Rumen methanogens and mitigation of methane emission by anti-methanogenic compounds and substances","volume":"8","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.009","article-title":"Effects of phytogenic substances on rumen fermentation and methane emissions: a proposal for a research process","volume":"176","author":"Flachowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1017\/s1751731113000852","article-title":"Plant components with specific activities against rumen methanogens","volume":"7","author":"Cieslak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.010","article-title":"Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites","volume":"176","author":"Bodas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"77","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial actions of phytochemicals against enteric pathogens\u2013a review","volume":"2","author":"Omojate Godstime","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharm Chem Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0562-6","article-title":"Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health","volume":"49","author":"Lillehoj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09779-9","article-title":"Biologically active compounds from forage plants","volume":"21","author":"Tava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"24","article-title":"The use of plant bioactive compounds to mitigate enteric methane in ruminants and its application in Indonesia","volume":"22","author":"Wina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wartazoa"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-019-00411-6","article-title":"Plants extract and bioactive compounds on rumen methanogenesis","volume":"94","author":"Dhanasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"479","article-title":"An overview on Gliricidia sepium in the pharmaceutical aspect: a review article","volume":"66","author":"Wafaey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt J Chem"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.011","article-title":"Effects of tannins and saponins contained in foliage of Gliricidia sepium and pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum on fermentation, methane emissions and rumen microbial population in crossbred heifers","volume":"251","author":"Molina-Botero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz067","article-title":"Effects of long-term diet supplementation with Gliricidia sepium foliage mixed with Enterolobium cyclocarpum pods on enteric methane, apparent digestibility, and rumen microbial population in crossbred heifers","volume":"97","author":"Molina-Botero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.10.2.11242","article-title":"Effects of supplementing Gliricidia sepium on ration based ammoniated rice straw in ruminant feed to decrease methane gas production and to improve nutrient digestibility (in-vitro)","volume":"10","author":"Zain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol"},{"key":"ref34","author":"Adelusi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"21","article-title":"Effect of tropical plant foliage on the control of methane production and in vitro ruminal protozoa population","volume":"48","author":"Galindo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cuban J Agric Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2021.100214","article-title":"Effect of tannins from tropical plants on methane production from ruminants: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Cardoso-Gutierrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref37","author":"Muhlisin","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108001791","article-title":"Effect of the tropical tannin-rich shrub legumes Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla on methane emission and nitrogen and energy balance in growing lambs","volume":"2","author":"Tiemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5398\/medpet.2014.37.2.121","article-title":"Methane mitigation and microbial diversity of silage diets containing Calliandra calothyrsus in a rumen in vitro fermentation system","volume":"37","author":"Ridwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Media Peternakan"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"173","article-title":"Effect of complete rumen modifier (CRM) and Calliandra calothyrus on productivity and enteric methane productions of PE dairy goat","volume":"16","author":"Sukmawati","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296203","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2024.1296203","article-title":"Supplementation of a tropical low-quality forage with Calliandra calothyrsus improves sheep health and performance, and reduces methane emission","volume":"5","author":"Mwangi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2020.e00417","article-title":"Indirect regeneration and genetic fidelity analysis of acclimated plantlets through SCoT and ISSR markers in Morus alba L. cv. Chinese white","volume":"25","author":"Rohela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol Rep (Amst)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112076","article-title":"Potential of mulberry leaf biomass and its flavonoids to improve production and health in ruminants: mechanistic insights and prospects","volume":"10","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation of different varieties of mulberry (Morus alba) in the control of the methanogenesis in buffalo rumen liquid","volume":"44","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cuban J Agric Sci"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"2067","article-title":"Effects of in vitro supplementation of mulberry leaf flavonoids on microbial flora, methanogenesis and fermentative products in rumen fluid of sheep","volume":"6","author":"AL-Bayati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Res Ecol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2375394","article-title":"Influence of dietary mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf supplementation on production performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation characteristics and ruminal bacteria community in lactating dairy cows","volume":"23","author":"Hnokaew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-019-00391-7","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of chemical composition, in vitro fermentation and methane production of selected tree forages","volume":"94","author":"Tirfessa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agrofor Syst"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, II, parts 1\u20133","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2005.9698988","article-title":"Volatile constituents of Centaurea depressa MB and Carduus pycnocephalus L. two compositae herbs growing wild in Iran","volume":"17","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Essent Oil Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100405","article-title":"Constituents and biological activities of selected genera of the Iranian Asteraceae family","volume":"25","author":"Rustaiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Herb Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03818.x","article-title":"Changes in microbial community structure, methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in response to saponin-rich fractions from different plant materials","volume":"105","author":"Goel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.010","article-title":"Effects of Sesbania sesban and Carduus pycnocephalus leaves and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and their extracts on partitioning of nutrients from roughage-and concentrate-based feeds to methane","volume":"147","author":"Goel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.015","article-title":"In vitro screening of the potential of numerous plant species as antimethanogenic feed additives for ruminants","volume":"145","author":"Bodas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00010","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Paeonia lactiflora pall., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"559","article-title":"Paeonia lactiflora","volume-title":"Edible medicinal and non medicinal plants","author":"Lim","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5653","article-title":"A pharmacological review of bioactive constituents of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas and Paeonia veitchii lynch","volume":"30","author":"Parker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2010.r.01","article-title":"Abatement of methane production from ruminants: trends in the manipulation of rumen fermentation","volume":"23","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.21521\/mw.5545","article-title":"Relationships between ruminal gram-positive bacteria and methane from lactating dairy cows supplemented with monensin and tallow, alone or in combination","volume":"72","author":"Castillo-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Weter"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"15","article-title":"Leucaena leucocephala-the most widely used forage tree legume","volume-title":"Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture","author":"Shelton","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2016v8i12.11582","article-title":"Phytochemical constituents of the leaves of Leucaena leucocephala from Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Zayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020300","article-title":"Effect of dried leaves of Leucaena leucocephala on rumen fermentation, rumen microbial population, and enteric methane production in crossbred heifers","volume":"10","author":"Montoya-Flores","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.01.009","article-title":"Effect of Leucaena leucocephala on methane production of Lucerna heifers fed a diet based on Cynodon plectostachyus","volume":"185","author":"Molina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2015.03.003","article-title":"Improving greenhouse gas emissions intensities of subtropical and tropical beef farming systems using Leucaena leucocephala","volume":"136","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric Syst"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.07.004","article-title":"Effects of condensed tannins from Leucaena on methane production, rumen fermentation and populations of methanogens and protozoa in vitro","volume":"169","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.012","article-title":"The feeding value of forage brassica plants for grazing ruminant livestock","volume":"181","author":"Barry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588051","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.588051","article-title":"Invited review: Glucosinolates might result in low methane emissions from ruminants fed Brassica forages","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2024.09.022","article-title":"Advances in synthesis and application of cobalt and nickel-based nanomaterials for catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons and oxygenates to hydrogen-rich syngas","author":"Mageed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ind Eng Chem"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15516","article-title":"Forage brassica: a feed to mitigate enteric methane emissions?","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15528","article-title":"Milk production and composition, and methane emissions from dairy cows fed lucerne hay with forage brassica or chicory","volume":"56","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1695-5_17","article-title":"Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)","volume":"1223","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10204","article-title":"The effect of total and individual alfalfa saponins on rumen methane production","volume":"100","author":"Koz\u0142owska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110983","article-title":"Effects of the diet inclusion of common vetch hay versus alfalfa hay on the body weight gain, nitrogen utilization efficiency, energy balance, and enteric methane emissions of crossbred Simmental cattle","volume":"9","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13223","article-title":"Increasing roughage quality by using alfalfa hay as a substitute for concentrate mitigates CH4 emissions and urinary N and ammonia excretion from dry ewes","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(95)04948-7","article-title":"The effect of pelleting of alfalfa hay on methane production and digestibility by steers","volume":"180","author":"Hironaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9823-1_4","article-title":"Clovers (Trifolium L.)","volume-title":"Plant genetic resources of legumes in the Mediterranean","author":"Lamont","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.06.048","article-title":"Trifolium species-derived substances and extracts\u2014biological activity and prospects for medicinal applications","volume":"143","author":"Kolodziejczyk-Czepas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09108-w","article-title":"Methane emissions and rumen metabolite concentrations in cattle fed two different silages","volume":"12","author":"Bica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.33584\/jnzg.2004.66.2552","article-title":"Methane emissions by dairy cows fed increasing proportions of white clover (Trifolium repens) in pasture","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc NZ Grassland Assoc"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22638","article-title":"Methane emission, nutrient digestibility, and rumen microbiota in Holstein heifers fed 14 different grass or clover silages as the sole feed","volume":"106","author":"Parnian-Khajehdizaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777354","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.777354","article-title":"Condensed tannins in white clover (Trifolium repens) foliar tissues expressing the transcription factor TaMYB14-1 bind to forage protein and reduce ammonia and methane emissions in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Roldan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11040946","article-title":"Feeding forage mixtures of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) with clover (Trifolium spp.) supplemented with local feed diets to reduce enteric methane emission efficiency in small-scale dairy systems: a simulated study","volume":"11","author":"Arriaga Jordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.091","article-title":"In vitro rumen methane output of red clover and perennial ryegrass assayed using the gas production technique (GPT)","volume":"168","author":"Navarro-Villa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1071\/AN18624","article-title":"Offering subterranean clover can reduce methane emissions compared with perennial ryegrass pastures during late spring and summer in sheep","volume":"60","author":"Muir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2023.115863","article-title":"Intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and nitrogen balance in sheep offered alfalfa silage with different proportions of the tannin-rich legume sericea lespedeza","volume":"308","author":"Niyigena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.10.014","article-title":"Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza","volume":"144","author":"Animut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1071\/AN19257","article-title":"Methane emissions from sheep fed Eragrostis curvula hay substituted with Lespedeza cuneata","volume":"60","author":"Du Toit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104707","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary inclusion of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) forage on performance, digestibility, and rumen fermentation of small ruminants","volume":"253","author":"Pech-Cervantes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky452","article-title":"Effects of lespedeza condensed tannins alone or with monensin, soybean oil, and coconut oil on feed intake, growth, digestion, ruminal methane emission, and heat energy by yearling alpine doelings","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7028","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17627","article-title":"Ruminal fermentation and enteric methane production of legumes containing condensed tannins fed in continuous culture","volume":"103","author":"Roca-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14721","article-title":"Effect of dietary fat supplementation on methane emissions from dairy cows fed wheat or corn","volume":"102","author":"Alvarez-Hess","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.05.023","article-title":"The effect of dietary fats on methane emissions, and its other effects on digestibility, rumen fermentation and lactation performance in cattle: a meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Patra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40781-018-0175-7","article-title":"Dietary manipulation: a sustainable way to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants","volume":"60","author":"Haque","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2019.61.3.122","article-title":"Advanced estimation and mitigation strategies: a cumulative approach to enteric methane abatement from ruminants","volume":"61","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/1438-9312(200107)103:7<450::AID-EJLT450>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Rapeseed oil for oleochemical usage","volume":"103","author":"Piazza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Lipid Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13545","article-title":"Plant oil supplements reduce methane emissions and improve milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets without affecting milk yield","volume":"101","author":"Bayat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2019.114294","article-title":"The effect of dietary nitrate and canola oil alone or in combination on fermentation, digesta kinetics and methane emissions from cattle","volume":"259","author":"Villar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051322","article-title":"Enteric and fecal methane emissions from dairy cows fed grass or corn silage diets supplemented with rapeseed oil","volume":"11","author":"Ramin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092597","article-title":"Effect of a low-methane diet on performance and microbiome in lactating dairy cows accounting for individual pre-trial methane emissions","volume":"11","author":"Chagas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2432","article-title":"Methylotrophic methanogenic thermoplasmata implicated in reduced methane emissions from bovine rumen","volume":"4","author":"Poulsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8461489x","article-title":"Methane emissions from beef cattle: effects of fumaric acid, essential oil, and canola oil","volume":"84","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1997.tb00870.x","article-title":"Effect of false flax expeller combined with short-term vitamin E supplementation in pig feeding on the fatty acid pattern, vitamin E concentration and oxidative stability of various tissues","volume":"78","author":"Flachowsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0031","article-title":"Effects of feeding camelina (seeds or meal) on milk fatty acid composition and butter spreadability","volume":"90","author":"Hurtaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00550","article-title":"Camelina sativa L. oil mitigates enteric in vitro methane production, modulates ruminal fermentation, and ruminal bacterial diversity in buffaloes [original research]","volume":"7","author":"Ebeid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-7976","article-title":"Effect of camelina oil or live yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on ruminal methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage diets","volume":"98","author":"Bayat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"37","article-title":"The composition and chemistry of garlic cloves and processed garlic","volume-title":"Garlic: The science and therapeutic applications of","author":"Lawson","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Therapeutic effects and applications of garlic and its preparations","volume-title":"Garlic: The science and therapeutic applications of","author":"Reuter","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72928-3","article-title":"Effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture","volume":"88","author":"Busquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.08.008","article-title":"Effect of coconut oil and garlic powder on in vitro fermentation using gas production technique","volume":"127","author":"Kongmun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/09709274.2009.11906182","article-title":"Health effects of palm oil","volume":"26","author":"Sutapa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hum Ecol"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8080349","article-title":"Reduction of enteric methane emissions in heifers fed tropical grass-based rations supplemented with palm oil","volume":"8","author":"Flores-Santiago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2022.2110502","article-title":"The effect of vegetable and animal oils added to different forages and concentrates on the in vitro fermentation parameters in ruminants","volume":"50","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24274-3_5","article-title":"Secondary metabolites of plants","volume-title":"Medicinal orchids of Asia","author":"Teoh","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2020.1746322","article-title":"Phytogenic feed additives mixture enhances the lactational performance, feed utilization and ruminal fermentation of Friesian cows","volume":"32","author":"Kholif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09739-3","article-title":"Essential oils and phytogenic feed additives in ruminant diet: chemistry, ruminal microbiota and fermentation, feed utilization and productive performance","volume":"20","author":"Kholif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2002.1458","article-title":"Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation","volume":"15","author":"Wallace","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-644","article-title":"Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation: a review","volume":"90","author":"Casamiglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114469","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites as feed additives in calves for antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"264","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(01)00232-2","article-title":"Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants","volume":"91","author":"McSweeney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.002","article-title":"Divergence between purified hydrolysable and condensed tannin effects on methane emission, rumen fermentation and microbial population in vitro","volume":"209","author":"Jayanegara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-3926-0_1","article-title":"An overview of antimicrobial properties of different classes of phytochemicals","volume-title":"Dietary phytochemicals and microbes","author":"Patra","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8651","article-title":"Milk fatty acid composition, rumen microbial population, and animal performances in response to diets rich in linoleic acid supplemented with chestnut or quebracho tannins in dairy ewes","volume":"98","author":"Buccioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiaa024","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa024","article-title":"Tannin supplementation modulates the composition and function of ruminal microbiome in lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes","volume":"96","author":"Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.05.010","article-title":"Tannin as a natural rumen modifier to control methanogenesis in beef cattle in tropical systems: friend or foe to biogas energy production?","volume":"132","author":"Fagundes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110856","article-title":"Potential of molecular weight and structure of tannins to reduce methane emissions from ruminants: a review","volume":"9","author":"Aboagye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4141\/CJAS08110","article-title":"Potential use of Acacia mearnsii condensed tannins to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from grazing dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Grainger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12531","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementing tannic acid in the ration of beef cattle on rumen fermentation, methane emission, microbial flora and nutrient digestibility","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.09.072","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes: role of process parameters on hydrochar properties","volume":"247","author":"Volpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.01.012","article-title":"Effect of the ionophore monensin and tannin extracts supplemented to grass silage on populations of ruminal cellulolytics and methanogens in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Witzig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-009-9364-1","article-title":"Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: a review of the effects on microbial populations","volume":"96","author":"Patra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.14086","article-title":"Meta-analysis on methane mitigating properties of saponin-rich sources in the rumen: influence of addition levels and plant sources","volume":"27","author":"Jayanegara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.005","article-title":"Methane production, fermentation characteristics, and microbial profiles in the rumen of tropical cattle fed tea seed saponin supplementation","volume":"216","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Restrepo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11644","article-title":"Tea saponin reduced methanogenesis in vitro but increased methane yield in lactating dairy cows","volume":"100","author":"Guyader","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9010029","article-title":"Effects of tea saponin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, methanogenesis, and ruminal microbial flora in dorper crossbred ewe","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00491-w","article-title":"The community structure and microbial linkage of rumen protozoa and methanogens in response to the addition of tea seed saponins in the diet of beef cattle","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12819","article-title":"Effects of garlic oil, nitrate, saponin and their combinations supplemented to different substrates on in vitro fermentation, ruminal methanogenesis, and abundance and diversity of microbial populations","volume":"119","author":"Patra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13646","article-title":"Essential oil and monensin affect ruminal fermentation and the protozoal population in continuous culture","volume":"101","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1400-3","article-title":"Ruminal metagenomic analyses of goat data reveals potential functional microbiota by supplementation with essential oil-cobalt complexes","volume":"19","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040620","article-title":"A meta-analysis describing the effects of the essential oils blend agolin ruminant on performance, rumen fermentation and methane emissions in dairy cows","volume":"10","author":"Belanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17773","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191117773","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oil terpenes against pathogenic and spoilage-forming bacteria and cell structure-activity relationships evaluated by SEM microscopy","volume":"19","author":"Zengin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.12.103","article-title":"Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: a review","author":"Cobellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11994","article-title":"Differential effects of monensin and a blend of essential oils on rumen microbiota composition of transition dairy cows","volume":"100","author":"Sch\u00e4ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050120","article-title":"Feeding essential oils to neonatal Holstein dairy calves results in increased ruminal Prevotellaceae abundance and propionate concentrations","volume":"7","author":"Poudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s002840010145","article-title":"Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms","volume":"41","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012420","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-7054202044012420","article-title":"Flavonoids and their aromatic derivatives in Piper betle powder promote in vitro methane mitigation in a variety of diets","volume":"44","author":"Purba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Agrotec"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.14.0692","article-title":"Effects of flavonoid-rich plant extracts on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis, microbial populations and fermentation characteristics","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/349129","article-title":"Effects of flavonoids on rumen fermentation activity, methane production, and microbial population","volume":"2013","author":"Oskoueian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.013","article-title":"The effect of Bioflavex\u00ae and its pure flavonoid components on in vitro fermentation parameters and methane production in rumen fluid from steers given high concentrate diets","volume":"197","author":"Seradj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.114834","article-title":"Role of bee propolis extract on diet digestibility, purine derivatives, mitigating methane formation, and blood metabolites in late pregnant ewes","volume":"273","author":"Morsy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110863","article-title":"Effect of lipid-encapsulated acacia tannin extract on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and methane emission in sheep","volume":"9","author":"Adejoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz199","article-title":"Methanogenic potential of tropical feeds rich in hydrolyzable tannins","volume":"97","author":"Rira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz206","article-title":"Effect of tannin-containing hays on enteric methane emissions and nitrogen partitioning in beef cattle","volume":"97","author":"Stewart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.008","article-title":"Influences of flavomycin, ropadiar, and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane emission from sheep","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2019.93022","article-title":"An essential oil blend decreases methane emissions and increases milk yield in dairy cows","volume":"9","author":"Hart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky216","article-title":"Effects of eucalyptus oil and anise oil supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics, methane emission, and digestibility in sheep","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1475322\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T10:51:11Z","timestamp":1732272671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1475322\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"references-count":154,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1475322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1475322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"article-number":"1475322"}}