{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:36:23Z","timestamp":1753893383647,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The supratemporal retrobulbar block (RB) has not been comprehensively described in cats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cadaveric study<\/jats:italic>: a modified supratemporal retrobulbar injection of 0.1 ml\/kg of iomeprole and saline (1:3) was executed using a Tuohy needle in recently deceased cats. Cadavers underwent computed tomography before and following injections. Injectate distribution within the intraconal space was evaluated. Extraconal injections were considered a failure. <jats:italic>Clinical study<\/jats:italic>: cats undergoing corneal\/intraocular surgery were included. After intramuscular premedication with methadone 0.3 mg\/kg, dexmedetomidine 3 mcg\/kg and alfaxalone 2 mg\/kg and induction with intravenous (IV) alfaxalone to effect, isoflurane anesthesia was maintained with a target end-expired fraction of 1.1%. Cats were randomly allocated in the retrobulbar group [RG, receiving a modified supratemporal RB with 0.1 ml\/kg of a mixture of 2% lidocaine (5.5 ml) and 0.75% ropivacaine (2 ml)] or control group (CG). When heart rate or mean arterial pressure increased above 20% of the pre-incisional values, fentanyl (1 mcg\/kg IV) was administered. Alfaxalone (0.5 mg\/kg IV) was injected when anesthesia was deemed too light. After a total of 3 interventions regardless the type of drugs (fentanyl\/alfaxalone), a constant rate infusion of fentanyl (5 mcg\/kg\/h IV) was started. Anesthetist interventions, quality of recovery (blindly assessed using a descriptive score scale), postoperative eye rubbing, complications were studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the cadaveric study 8 eyes were included (success rate = 87%). The contrast agent spread was scored \u201cmoderate-to-large\u201d or \u201clarge\u201d in 85.7% of cases and a median 360\u00b0 (180\u2013360) distribution around the optic nerve was reported. In the clinical study 12 cats were included (6 in RG, 6 in CG). The median time to perform the RB was 35 s (20\u201350). Only the controls required anesthetist interventions [total amount of 6 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0276): fentanyl (3\/6) and alfaxalone (2\/6)]. The RG had a significantly better recovery score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0012) than CG. Only controls showed eye rubbing (3\/6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The modified supratemporal RB is an achievable and rapidly performed technique. In this study it reduced intraoperative drug administration and improved recovery quality in cats undergoing corneal or intraocular surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1478732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T06:48:46Z","timestamp":1732258126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blind supratemporal retrobulbar block in cats: a feasibility cadaveric study and its efficacy in a group of subjects undergoing corneal or intraocular surgery"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Lardone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Crasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pier Carlo","family":"Ostan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Gherlinzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Franci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"456","article-title":"Retrobulbar block: a review for the clinician","volume":"58","author":"Simonson","year":"1990","journal-title":"AANA J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.2.220","article-title":"Development of a retrobulbar injection technique for ocular surgery and analgesia in dogs","volume":"229","author":"Accola","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13053","article-title":"Safety and accuracy of blind vs. ultrasound-guided dorsal retrobulbar nerve blocks in horses-A cadaveric study","volume":"26","author":"Thieme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0035.1","article-title":"Development of retrobulbar and auriculopalpebral nerve blocks in California sea lions (Zalophus Californiaus)","volume":"47","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12060","article-title":"Retrobulbar and peribulbar regional techniques in cats: a preliminary study in cadavers","volume":"40","author":"Shilo-Benjamini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.12.1029","article-title":"Comparison of peribulbar and retrobulbar regional anesthesia with bupivacaine in cats","volume":"75","author":"Shilo-Benjamini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res."},{"journal-title":"Retrobulbar Block","year":"2024","author":"Polania Gutierrez","key":"B7"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.04.013","article-title":"novel supra-temporal approach to retrobulbar anaesthesia in dogs: preliminary study in cadavers","volume":"223","author":"Chiavaccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050781","article-title":"Possible brainstem anaesthesia in a cat after ultrasound-guided retrobulbar block","volume":"13","author":"Papastefanou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.04.006","article-title":"Simon BT. 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