{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T10:38:32Z","timestamp":1783161512572,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal calf diarrhea is a frequent disease of calves and may result in dehydration and metabolic acidosis. The disease causes mortality and reduces growth and future productivity. Early identification of disease improves calf outcomes and thus there is increasing interest in technological methods for detecting disease. Dehydration leads to the blood becoming more concentrated and this can be measured using serum osmolality. Research in humans has shown that saliva conductivity is correlated with serum osmolality. Saliva conductivity may therefore offer a non-invasive opportunity to assess hydration status in calves. Furthermore, as blood pH is a prognostic indicator and there is ion exchange in the salivary ducts, saliva pH may act as an indicator of metabolic acidosis. This observational study aimed to assess the relationship of saliva conductivity and pH with the clinical and biochemical parameters of calves suffering from neonatal calf diarrhea. One hundred and forty-one dairy-bred calves were recruited onto the study at approximately 1 week of age. The health of the calves was assessed daily. Calves had blood and saliva samples taken weekly until 25 days of age or the development of neonatal calf diarrhea. When calves developed diarrhea, they were sampled for three consecutive days. Hematocrit, plasma total protein, saliva pH and saliva conductivity were measured at each sampling. Saliva pH and saliva conductivity were measured using portable meters (<jats:italic>LAQUAtwin-pH-33<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>LAQUAtwin-EC22<\/jats:italic>). In a subset of 30 matched samples, serum proteins and electrolytes were also measured. Saliva conductivity was not associated with diarrhea or dehydration. Saliva pH was lower in calves with diarrhea, regardless of hydration status. The Lin\u2019s concordance correlation coefficients between saliva variables and hematocrit and strong ion difference were negligible. Dehydrated calves with diarrhea had a higher hematocrit and albumin and the lowest sodium and SID. Calves with diarrhea and no dehydration had a lower plasma total protein. While saliva conductivity has been associated with measures of dehydration in humans, this does not appear to be the case in calves. Saliva pH has not previously been considered for disease detection; however as it is associated with diarrhea, further research is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1483890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T14:04:35Z","timestamp":1734530675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Salivary pH, but not conductivity, is an indicator of diarrhea in neonatal calves"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Beth B.","family":"Riley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Corbishley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie J.","family":"Haskell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol-Anne","family":"Duthie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair I.","family":"Macrae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Burrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102829","article-title":"Stakeholder perceptions of disease Management for Dairy Calves: \u201cIt\u2019s just little things that make such a big difference\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Palczynski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000226","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2017-000226","article-title":"Prospective cohort study to assess rates of contagious disease in pre-weaned Uk dairy heifers: management practices, passive transfer of immunity and associated calf health","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105713","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to reduce and refine antimicrobial drugs use for Diarrhoea in dairy calves","volume":"274","author":"Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9229","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14019","article-title":"Preweaned heifer management on us dairy operations: part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in Preweaned dairy heifer calves","volume":"101","author":"Urie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1071\/AN18432","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of high and low Milk-replacer feeding regimens on health and growth of crossbred dairy heifers","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15623","article-title":"A retrospective cohort study comparing dairy calf treatment decisions by farm personnel with veterinary observations of clinical signs","volume":"102","author":"Olson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3280","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23649","article-title":"Effects of supplementing colostrum beyond the first day of life on growth and health parameters of Preweaning Holstein heifers","volume":"107","author":"McCarthy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19215","article-title":"The effect of Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, and coronavirus infection on the health and performance of male dairy calves","volume":"104","author":"Renaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003160","article-title":"Analysis of pre-weaning feeding policies and other risk factors influencing growth rates in calves on 11 commercial dairy farms","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19791","article-title":"Effect of Preweaning disease on the reproductive performance and first-lactation Milk production of heifers in a large dairy herd","volume":"104","author":"Abuelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9752","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24544","article-title":"Retrospective cohort study investigating the relationship between diarrhea during the Preweaning period and subsequent survival, health, and production in dairy cows","volume":"107","author":"Goh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3633","article-title":"Associations between several aspects of heifer development and dairy cow survivability to second lactation","volume":"94","author":"Bach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.03.002","article-title":"Long-term production effects of clinical cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"50","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9224","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16829","article-title":"Risk factors identified on arrival associated with morbidity and mortality at a grain-fed veal facility: a prospective, Single-Cohort Study","volume":"102","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10383","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14960","article-title":"Effect of health status evaluated at arrival on growth in Milk-fed veal calves: a prospective single cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Renaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5296","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21667","article-title":"Predictors of diarrhea, mortality, and weight gain in male dairy calves","volume":"105","author":"Schinwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182938","article-title":"Clinical signs, profound Acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"12","author":"Trefz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6013","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18989","article-title":"Monitoring selected behaviors of calves by use of an ear-attached accelerometer for detecting early indicators of diarrhea","volume":"104","author":"Goharshahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8208","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14207","article-title":"Measurement of dairy calf behavior prior to onset of clinical disease and in response to disbudding using automated calf feeders and accelerometers","volume":"101","author":"Sutherland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100760","article-title":"Using non-invasive monitoring technologies to capture behavioural, physiological and health responses of dairy calves to different nutritional regimes during the first ten weeks of life","volume":"9","author":"Scoley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71584-9","article-title":"Short communication: identification of diseased calves by use of data from automatic Milk feeders","volume":"90","author":"Svensson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020170","article-title":"Associations between feeding behaviors collected from an automated Milk feeder and neonatal calf diarrhea in group housed dairy calves: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Conboy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5389","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15701","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral responses as indicators for early disease detection in dairy calves","volume":"102","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.195","article-title":"Assessment of hydration biomarkers including salivary osmolality during passive and active dehydration","volume":"67","author":"Munoz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2299-z","article-title":"Observations on saliva osmolality during progressive dehydration and partial rehydration","volume":"112","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2598854","article-title":"Salivary markers for quantitative dehydration estimation during physical exercise","volume":"21","author":"Ring","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomedical Health Informat"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0022","article-title":"Hydration marker diagnostic accuracy to identify mild intracellular and extracellular dehydration","volume":"29","author":"Owen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exer Metabol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51463-8","article-title":"A portable system to monitor saliva conductivity for dehydration diagnosis and kidney healthcare","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13142311","article-title":"Non-invasive biomarkers in saliva and eye infrared thermography to assess the stress response of calves during transport","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1383379","article-title":"Salivary igg and Iga in newborn calves and the possible role in the assessment of passive immunity transfer","volume":"11","author":"Berteselli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.08.028","article-title":"D-lactic acidosis in calves","volume":"179","author":"Lorenz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12193","article-title":"Contribution of unmeasured anions to acid-base disorders and its association with altered demeanor in 264 calves with neonatal diarrhea","volume":"27","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/s0007-1935(11)80003-5","article-title":"Changes in plasma composition in calves surviving or dying from Diarrhoea","volume":"146","author":"Groutides","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10600","article-title":"An observational study using blood gas analysis to assess neonatal calf diarrhea and subsequent recovery with a European Commission-compliant Oral electrolyte solution","volume":"99","author":"Sayers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100413","article-title":"A multi-herd study shows that saliva is more than a reflection of serum biomarkers in pigs","volume":"15","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03163-1","article-title":"Weaning age influences indicators of rumen function and development in female Holstein calves","volume":"18","author":"Schwarzkopf","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.10.003","article-title":"Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers","volume":"24","author":"McGuirk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11820","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18743","article-title":"Indicators of dehydration in healthy 4- to 5-day-old dairy calves deprived of feed and water for 24 hours","volume":"103","author":"Kells","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"440 p","volume-title":"Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians","author":"Sirois","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Hartig\n              F.\n            \n          \n          \n          2022"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"Lmertest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Lenth\n              RV\n            \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"Ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Signorelli\n              A."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30158-4","article-title":"Clinical assessment of Acid-Base status: strong ion difference theory","volume":"15","author":"Constable","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23586","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23586","article-title":"Evaluation of conductivity-based osmolality measurement in urine using the Sysmex Uf5000","volume":"35","author":"Yoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182058643","article-title":"Limitations of salivary osmolality as a marker of hydration status","volume":"43","author":"Ely","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.113778","article-title":"A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow, and function","volume":"85","author":"Humphrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55227-1.00029-6","article-title":"29 \u2013 secretions of the gastrointestinal tract","volume-title":"Cunningham\u2019s textbook of veterinary physiology","author":"Herdt","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0075-x","article-title":"Advances in prevention and therapy of neonatal dairy calf Diarrhoea: a systematical review with emphasis on colostrum management and fluid therapy","volume":"56","author":"Meganck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00662.x","article-title":"Influence of D-lactate on metabolic acidosis and on prognosis in neonatal calves with Diarrhoea","volume":"51","author":"Lorenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Veterinary Med Ser A"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.23155","article-title":"Chloride and lactate as prognostic indicators of calf diarrhea from eighty-nine cases","volume":"25","author":"Ekinci","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11050222","article-title":"Hematologic and serum biochemical characteristics of Belgian blue cattle","volume":"11","author":"Guyot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13445","article-title":"Establishing blood gas ranges in healthy bovine neonates differentiated by age, sex, and breed type","volume":"101","author":"Dillane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.01.002","article-title":"Hematology reference intervals for neonatal Holstein calves","volume":"118","author":"Panousis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20150571","article-title":"Detection of serum amyloid-a concentration in the calf clinically diagnosed with pneumonia, enteritis and pneumoenteritis","volume":"46","author":"Kabu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cienc Rural"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13306","article-title":"Abomasal emptying rate of diarrhoeic and healthy suckling calves fed with Oral rehydration solutions","volume":"104","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12541","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of hypokalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves","volume":"29","author":"Trefz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7234","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6945","article-title":"Hyperkalemia in neonatal diarrheic calves depends on the degree of dehydration and the cause of the metabolic acidosis but does not require the presence of Acidemia","volume":"96","author":"Trefz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6077","article-title":"Experimentally induced hyperchloremic and dl-lactic acidosis in calves: an attempt to study the effects of Oral rehydration on acid-Base status","volume":"96","author":"Schwedhelm","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1502-42","article-title":"Analysis of Acid\u2013Base disorders in calves with lactic acidosis using a classic model and strong ion approach","volume":"39","author":"Bednarski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2008.10.013","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves","volume":"25","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.10.001","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves","volume":"26","author":"Wyatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6639701","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6639701","article-title":"Rotavirus in calves and its zoonotic importance","volume":"2021","author":"Geletu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med Int"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-238","article-title":"Construction and validation of a decision tree for treating metabolic acidosis in calves with neonatal diarrhea","volume":"8","author":"Trefz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"McGuirk\n              SM\n            \n          \n          \n          2015"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1483890\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T14:04:40Z","timestamp":1734530680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1483890\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1483890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1483890","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"article-number":"1483890"}}