{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:01:28Z","timestamp":1791824488776,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oxidative stress, resulting from environmental changes, significantly affects female fertility. Developing a mouse model to study oxidative stress lays the groundwork for research into human reproductive health and livestock fertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we established and evaluated an oxidative stress model by administering hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) to mice. ICR mice of similar age (7\u20138 weeks old) and average body weight (31.58 \u00b1 1.12 g) were randomly assigned to four groups (A, B, C, and D). Group A served as the control and was injected with a saline solution, while groups B, C, and D received saline solutions containing 0.75%, 1.50%, and 3.0% H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, respectively, over one week. We measured the body weights of all mice before and after the experimental period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings showed that the average body weight of mice in groups A and B increased, while groups C and D experienced weight loss. Group C showed a significantly lower average weight gain compared to groups A and B, and group D exhibited an even more pronounced reduction in weight gain. Although group D had a high mortality rate, there was no significant difference in mortality rates among groups B, C, and D. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased with higher concentrations of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, with a significant difference noted between groups C and A. Catalase (CAT) activity in group B was significantly higher than in group A, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in group C was notably elevated compared to groups A and B. Conversely, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in group C was significantly lower than in both group A and group B. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining revealed changes in ovarian morphology and follicle dynamics. The percentage of atretic follicles in group C was significantly higher than in the control group, and group D had a significantly lower total number of healthy follicles compared to the untreated group. Increased H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> content resulted in a reduction of ovary size and an irregular appearance in group D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on our findings, treatment with 1.50% H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> effectively established an oxidative stress model in mice within 1 week. This model serves as a valuable reference for future clinical studies on oxidative stress and reproductive disorders in female animals and humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1484388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:10:30Z","timestamp":1730873430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Establishment of a mouse model of ovarian oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huili","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaishuai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zahoor","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yandong","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoushan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changfa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiling","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R189","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0452","article-title":"Impact of oxidative stress on male and female germ cells: implications for fertility","volume":"159","author":"Aitken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1964","article-title":"Redox considerations in female reproductive function and assisted reproduction: from molecular mechanisms to health implications","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.06.001","article-title":"The roles of cellular reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and antioxidants in pregnancy outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Al-Gubory","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814827","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.814827","article-title":"Ovarian oxidative stress induced follicle depletion after zona pellucida 3 vaccination is associated with subfertility in BALB\/c mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030552","article-title":"Oxidative stress in human pathology and aging: molecular mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Hajam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176339","article-title":"Quercetin activates autophagy to protect rats ovarian granulosa cells from H2O2-induced aging and injury","volume":"966","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S1016-8478(23)17386-9","article-title":"H2O2 induces apoptosis of BJAB cells due to formation of hydroxyl radicals via intracellular iron-mediated Fenton chemistry in glucose oxidase-mediated oxidative stress","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cells."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.10.038","article-title":"Dietary curcumin supplementation relieves hydrogen peroxide-induced testicular injury by antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects in roosters","volume":"197","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03016135","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in ovarian physiology","volume":"4","author":"Sugino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod Med Biol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-022-01032-x","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in ovarian aging: a review","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-7968.2023.08.010","article-title":"Vitamin E relieves the apoptosis of goose (Anser cygnoides) granulosa cells by inhibiting oxidative stress","volume":"31","author":"Yi-Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agric Biotechnol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-7202.2022.22.024","article-title":"Kidney-tonifying Chinese medicine in alleviating oxidative stress in oocyte in older infertile women: a review","volume":"17","author":"Xiufang","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Tradit Chin Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120960768","article-title":"Morroniside suppresses H2O2-stimulated autophagy and apoptosis in rat ovarian granulosa cells through the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"40","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-070X.2021.05.031","article-title":"Advances on regulation of premature ovarian failure by oxidative stress and autophagy apoptosis","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hunan Univ Chinese Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1490-8","article-title":"Fetal liver mesenchymal stem cells restore ovarian function in premature ovarian insufficiency by targeting MT1","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0391-5","article-title":"A novel and compact review on the role of oxidative stress in female reproduction","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0408-8","article-title":"Evaluation of heat stress effects on cellular and transcriptional adaptation of bovine granulosa cells","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10061060","article-title":"RNAi-mediated silencing of catalase gene promotes apoptosis and impairs proliferation of bovine granulosa cells under heat stress","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8120326","article-title":"SOD1 gene silencing promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of heat-stressed bovine granulosa cells via induction of oxidative stress","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081495","article-title":"Potential utility of natural products against oxidative stress in animal models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Zha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55120776","article-title":"Preliminary biochemical description of brain oxidative stress status in irritable bowel syndrome contention-stress rat model","volume":"55","author":"Balmus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.029","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress impairs redox status and damages aerobic metabolism of breast muscle in broilers","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13040749","article-title":"Effects of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress on intestinal morphology, redox status, and related molecules in squabs","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S250945","article-title":"Chronic restraint stress induces gastric mucosal inflammation with enhanced oxidative stress in a murine model","volume":"13","author":"Yisireyili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.9.1215","article-title":"The pro-oxidative activity of SOD and nitroxide SOD mimics","volume":"14","author":"Offer","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101491","article-title":"Decreased activity of erythrocyte catalase and glutathione peroxidase in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"58","author":"Djordjevi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005306","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1005306","article-title":"Protective activity of Malus doumeri leaf extract on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative injury in H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2018.03.001","article-title":"Catalase and its mysteries","volume":"140","author":"Sepasi Tehrani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7100156","article-title":"The role of H2O2 in redox-dependent signaling: homeostatic and pathological responses in mammalian cells","volume":"7","author":"Di Marzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.09.013","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine improves function and follicular survival in mice ovarian grafts through inhibition of oxidative stress","volume":"30","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00095","article-title":"Methods for quantifying follicular numbers within the mouse ovary","volume":"127","author":"Myers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101891","article-title":"Naringin prevents follicular atresia by inhibiting oxidative stress in the aging chicken","volume":"101","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B33","first-page":"101","article-title":"Ovarian apoptosis","volume":"69","author":"Vital Reyes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ginecol Obstet Mex."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152362","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-192 alleviates oxidative stress-induced porcine granulosa cell injury by directly targeting Acvr2a","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.05.010","article-title":"Animal models of atherosclerosis","volume":"816","author":"Emini Veseli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007696","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007696","article-title":"model of chronic, transmissible otitis media in mice","volume":"15","author":"Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7378403","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7378403","article-title":"The establishment of a mouse model for degenerative kyphoscoliosis based on senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8","volume":"2022","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01301B","article-title":"Lycopene attenuates AFB(1)-induced renal injury with the activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway in mice","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-020-09673-5","article-title":"Disease progression model of 4T1 metastatic breast cancer","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1484388\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:10:34Z","timestamp":1730873434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1484388\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1484388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1484388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"article-number":"1484388"}}