{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:12:07Z","timestamp":1789827127539,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial pneumonia is a common disease in adult horses, but there are no guidelines for practitioners regarding risk factors, diagnosis, and management of the disease. The objectives of this study were to describe how a group of equine veterinarians diagnose and treat bacterial pneumonia in adult horses. A 22-question survey was distributed via multiple platforms to equine veterinarians asking questions regarding the frequency with which they identified specific clinical findings and used certain diagnostic modalities, and the approach to antimicrobial and adjunct therapy. Three hundred nine survey responses were received of which 244 were complete and used in the final analyses. There are significant differences in the ways that different equine veterinarians diagnose and treat bacterial pneumonia based on practice type and training of the practitioner. The majority of practitioners treat with antimicrobials for longer than 2\u202fweeks, and only 53.3% of respondents reported that they \u201calways\u201d or \u201cmost of the time\u201d used culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide therapy. There is a need for guidelines to reduce the duration of therapy and improve antimicrobial stewardship when treating bacterial pneumonia in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1484970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T06:39:37Z","timestamp":1734935977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Survey of the approach to the diagnosis and management of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses by equine veterinarians"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Hepworth-Warren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17141","article-title":"An updated description of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses and factors associated with death","volume":"38","author":"Hallowell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13653","article-title":"Pneumonia caused by Klebsiella spp. in 46 horses","volume":"30","author":"Estell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2746\/095777308X354255","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in sport horses: 17 cases (2001\u20132003)","volume":"20","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2014.11.002","article-title":"Update on bacterial pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in the adult horse","volume":"31","author":"Reuss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13591","article-title":"The association of fibrinous pleural effusion with survival and complications in horses with pleuropneumonia (2002\u20132012): 74 cases","volume":"29","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14627","article-title":"Antimicrobial use guidelines for treatment of respiratory tract disease in dogs and cats: antimicrobial guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Lappin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. 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