{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:24:13Z","timestamp":1793057053893,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Platelet lysate (PL) demonstrates antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties offering potential for treatment of bacterial pneumonia in horses. It remains unknown whether nebulization is suitable for PL administration in horses. This pilot study characterized particle size and flow rate of pooled equine PL (single preparation) nebulized using an equine-specific nebulizer (Flexivent<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Protein composition and antimicrobial activity were compared before and after nebulization. Protein composition was evaluated according to growth factor, antimicrobial peptide and cytokine concentrations and proteomic analysis. To evaluate antimicrobial activity, bacterial growth inhibition [maximum growth (\u03bcmax); carrying capacity (K)] were determined for <jats:italic>E. coli, Streptococcus equi<\/jats:italic> subsp <jats:italic>zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic> (WT and MDR) using pre- and post-nebulized PL concentrations of 50%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flow rate and median particle size were 0.8 ml\/min and 4.991 \u03bcm with 52% of particles \u2264 5 \u03bcm. Differences in PL protein composition were detected with nebulization. For <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic>, nebulization did not alter effect of PL on growth parameters. PL treatments decreased K for <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.009) compared to BHI. For <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> K was increased post- vs. pre-nebulization (WT and MDR) and \u03bcmax increased pre- vs, post-nebulization (MDR). PL treatments increased K and \u03bcmax for MDR <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> and \u03bcmax for WT <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> compared to BHI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nebulization of PL <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> is technically feasible. The results of this study support further investigation to better characterize the effect of nebulization on PL and its suitability for nebulization in horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1488942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T14:44:56Z","timestamp":1734014696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pilot study characterizing a single pooled preparation of equine platelet lysate for nebulization in the 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