{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:13:46Z","timestamp":1790795626019,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Colistin (COL) is regarded as a last-resort treatment for infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. The emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales poses a significant global public health concern. Our study discovered that niclosamide (NIC) reverses COL resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    via a checkerboard assay. However, poor solubility and bioavailability of NIC pose challenges. In this study, we prepared a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) co-encapsulating NIC and COL. We characterized the physicochemical properties of the resulting colistin\u2013niclosamide-loaded nanoemulsions (COL\/NIC-NEs) and colistin\u2013niclosamide-loaded nanoemulsion gels (COL\/NIC-NEGs), assessing their antibacterial efficacy\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro and in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The COL\/NIC-NEs exhibited a droplet size of 19.86\u2009nm with a zeta potential of \u22121.25\u2009mV. COL\/NIC-NEs have excellent stability, significantly enhancing the solubility of NIC while also demonstrating a pronounced sustained-release effect. Antimicrobial assays revealed that the MIC of COL in COL\/NIC-NEs was reduced by 16\u2013128 times compared to free COL. Killing kinetics and scanning electron microscopy confirmed enhanced antibacterial activity. Antibacterial mechanism studies reveal that the COL\/NIC-NEs and COL\/NIC-NEGs could enhance the bactericidal activity by damaging cell membranes, disrupting proton motive force (PMF), inhibiting multidrug efflux pump, and promoting oxidative damage. The therapeutic efficacy of the COL\/NIC-NEs and COL\/NIC-NEGs is further demonstrated in mouse intraperitoneal infection models with COL-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To sum up, COL\/NIC-NEs and COL\/NIC-NEGs are a potentially effective strategies promising against COL-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1492543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T09:36:58Z","timestamp":1729676218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Colistin\u2013niclosamide-loaded nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion gels for effective therapy of colistin-resistant Salmonella infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Junkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xilong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaifang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongzheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00079","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00079-17","article-title":"Treatment 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