{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T06:26:13Z","timestamp":1794032773977,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interactions between humans and livestock could increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. In addition, limited knowledge of zoonoses and foodborne diseases among livestock farmers could heighten the risks of foodborne illness and outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. This study evaluated the awareness of zoonotic diseases and preventive practices for zoonotic and foodborne diseases among livestock farmers of the Chitwan, Rupandehi, and Tanahun districts of Nepal by conducting a cross-sectional survey of 280 livestock farmers. They were recruited using the purposive sampling method from October to December 2022. Descriptive statistics revealed that most (72.1%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f202\/280) livestock farmers were aware of zoonosis. None of the farmers knew about the zoonotic nature of leptospirosis. Two-thirds of pig farmers (67%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u202f12\/18) were aware of zoonotic transmission of swine flu, and more than half of the poultry (58%; 50\/86) farmers knew about zoonotic avian influenza. The majority of the farmers who had dogs (83%) and cats (89.4%) in their homes or farms knew that rabies can be transmitted to humans from dogs or cats. The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that farmers from the Rupandehi district (aOR: 5.56; 95% CI: 2.18\u201314.22) and Chitwan (aOR: 6.52; 95% CI: 2.46\u201317.25) had a higher odds of having good preventive practices than those from Tanahun. Also, farmers who had no sickness in the past 6\u202fmonths after consumption of animal products were three times (aOR: 2.98; 95% CI: 1.48\u20136.01) more likely to have better practices. Furthermore, secondary education (aOR: 3.64; 95% CI: 1.41\u20139.44) was a significant positive predictor of good zoonotic diseases and food safety preventive practices. Our study underscores the necessity to enhance Nepalese livestock farmers\u2019 awareness and practices regarding zoonotic and foodborne diseases. It emphasizes the importance of understanding risks, effective behavioral change strategies, and engaging farmers in developing zoonotic disease and foodborne illness prevention programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1514953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T06:11:25Z","timestamp":1736748685000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Zoonotic diseases awareness and food safety practices among livestock farmers in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"Subedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Jyoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Ranabhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananda","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad I.","family":"Al-Mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050997","article-title":"Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v10i3.1","article-title":"Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: lesson for one health approach","volume":"10","author":"Poudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2008.05.001","article-title":"Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery","volume":"86","author":"Beran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793106007020","article-title":"The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease","volume":"81","author":"Pearce-Duvet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170418","article-title":"Prioritizing zoonoses for global health capacity building\u2014themes from one health zoonotic disease workshops in 7 countries, 2014\u20132016","volume":"23","author":"Salyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3126\/jhp.v7i0.25520","article-title":"Risk of Zoonoses among livestock farmers in Nepal, journal of","volume":"7","author":"Bagale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Promot"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.03.001","article-title":"Human-livestock contacts and their relationship to transmission of zoonotic pathogens, a systematic review of literature","volume":"2","author":"Klous","year":"2016","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A systematic review on milk consumption and associated bacterial zoonoses in east Africa","author":"Mpatswenumugabo","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102012000500012","article-title":"Risk perception about zoonoses in immigrants and Italian workers in northwestern Italy","volume":"46","author":"Cediel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100223","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ONEHLT.2021.100223","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices to zoonotic disease risks from livestock birth products among smallholder communities in Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Alemayehu","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12765","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19480","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from subclinical mastitis in the western Chitwan region of Nepal","volume":"104","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35661","article-title":"Molecular detection of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in broiler meat from retail meat shop","volume":"10","author":"Ranabhat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.16.2.67","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of staphylococcal subclinical mastitis in dairy animals of Chitwan, journal of pure and applied microbiology Tiwari et al","volume":"16","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/ZOONOTICDIS4030016","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from Milk of small scale dairy buffaloes in Rupandehi, Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Gautam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonot Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/FFT2.517","article-title":"Food safety in developing countries: common foodborne and waterborne illnesses, regulations, organizational structure, and challenges of food safety in the context of Nepal","author":"Subedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Front"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3126\/IJASBT.V9I1.34967","article-title":"Prioritised zoonotic diseases of Nepal: a review","volume":"9","author":"Gautam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"194","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza in Nepal","volume":"5","author":"Deepak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Grad Res Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2024.139","article-title":"Muhammad Ahmad, avian influenza in low and middle-income countries (LMICs): outbreaks, vaccination challenges and economic impact","volume":"44","author":"Subedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-133","article-title":"Outbreak of pandemic influenza A\/H1N1 2009 in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Adhikari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3390\/PATHOGENS13090773","article-title":"Anthrax in humans, animals, and the environment and the one health strategies for Anthrax control","volume":"13","author":"Subedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.29.226464","article-title":"Sero-prevalence and risk factors of leptospirosis in commercial cattle herds of Rupandehi district, Nepal","author":"Gompo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3126\/NVJ.V37I37.55526","article-title":"Cysticercosis in Nepal: a review","volume":"37","author":"Subedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nepalese Vet J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1343-4","article-title":"Awareness and practices relating to zoonotic diseases among smallholder farmers in Nepal","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Annual Report","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100155","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ONEHLT.2020.100155","article-title":"Review of rabies in Nepal","volume":"10","author":"Pantha","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100215","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ONEHLT.2021.100215","article-title":"Rabies control in South Asia requires a one health approach","volume":"12","author":"Acharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100027","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJIDOH.2024.100027","article-title":"Unprecedented rabies outbreak in Nepal\u2019s far Western region: a call for urgent action","volume":"4","author":"Thakur","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJID One Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011082","article-title":"Regional variation in knowledge and practice regarding common zoonoses among livestock farmers of selective districts in Nepal","volume":"17","author":"Bagale","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091369","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of antibiotic use and resistance among poultry farmers in Nepal","volume":"12","author":"Subedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/VACCINES8020322","article-title":"Livestock and poultry production in Nepal and current status of vaccine development","volume":"8","author":"Poudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12333-z","article-title":"Agricultural land-uses consistently exacerbate infectious disease risks in Southeast Asia","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25713","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of farmers about transmission of zoonotic diseases in Ada\u2019a district, Oromia, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Abunna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/ZOONOTICDIS3030017","article-title":"Assessment of community knowledge and practices towards rabies prevention: a cross-sectional survey in Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal","volume":"3","author":"Subedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonot Dis"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"190","volume-title":"Animal rabies epidemiology in Nepal from 2005 to 2017","author":"Pal","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184371","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1184371","article-title":"Rabies control in Nepal: a missed opportunity","volume":"10","author":"Acharya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4067\/S0719-81322020000300079","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practices of cattle farmers regarding zoonotic diseases in Erzurum, Turkey, austral","volume":"52","author":"\u00d6zl\u00fc","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.76802","article-title":"Zoonotic tuberculosis: a concern and strategies to combat","volume-title":"Basic biology and applications of actinobacteria, IntechOpen","author":"Teppawar","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"924","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to","volume":"8","author":"Ayele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Tuberculosis profile 2079\/80 (2022\/23)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3126\/ijim.v1i2.7407","article-title":"Status of tuberculosis in bovine animals raised by tuberculosis infected patients in Western Chitwan, Nepal","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J. Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01265.x","article-title":"Tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in three districts of Western Gojam, Ethiopia","volume":"58","author":"Fetene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12530","article-title":"Cattle - associated risk factors for human tuberculosis in rural livestock \u2013 keeping communities, Uganda","volume":"66","author":"Meisner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ONEHLT.2020.100156","article-title":"Risk factors of tuberculosis in human and its association with cattle TB in Nepal: a one health approach","volume":"10","author":"Gompo","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/TROPICALMED4040138","article-title":"The pattern of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in South Asia","volume":"4","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-76\/COMMENTS","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to avian influenza among poultry workers in Nepal: a cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Neupane","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01522.x","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases associated with free-roaming cats","volume":"60","author":"Gerhold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.22074\/ijfs.2019.5740","article-title":"Toxoplasma serology status and risk of miscarriage, a case-control study among women with a history of spontaneous abortion","volume":"13","author":"Kheirandish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"259","article-title":"Study of livestock production system and management practices adopted by small ruminants farmers in Bagmati Province, Nepal, Nepalese journal of","volume":"25","author":"Kharel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.186-191","article-title":"Awareness, knowledge, and risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in Punjab","volume":"9","author":"Hundal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"271","article-title":"Hospital-based case series of 175 cases of serologically confirmed brucellosis in Bikaner","volume":"55","author":"Kochar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5897\/IJMMS2013.0931","article-title":"Perception of the public on the common zoonotic diseases in Jimma, southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1514953\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T06:11:30Z","timestamp":1736748690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1514953\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2024.1514953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2024.1514953","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"article-number":"1514953"}}