{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:16:02Z","timestamp":1790727362492,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphoma is one of the most prevalent types of feline cancer. It is characterized as a group of diseases that can affect various organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, thymus, and skin. In feline medicine, the search for alternative treatments is of utmost importance, given the significant number of animals that relapse or are unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy treatment. As an alternative to existing modalities of treatment for a variety of cancers, oncolytic viruses have been studied in the last few years. Those viruses possess a unique ability to target and eliminate cancer cells while simultaneously stimulating an immune response against malignant cells, acting as an immunotherapy. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that affects both domestic and wild birds, causing symptoms that range from severe to asymptomatic, depending on the viral strain. Less virulent strains are considered safe for use as a vaccine against Newcastle Disease. In the Oncology field, those strains are also being studied to be used as oncolytic virotherapy for mammals, and several results demonstrate their efficacy <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The present study aimed to explore the oncolytic potential of Newcastle Disease Virus expressing green fluorescent protein (NDV-GFP) in feline lymphoma cells isolated from a FeLV-positive patient with thymic lymphoma. The NDV-GFP infected, replicated, and induced apoptosis in feline lymphoma cells. Therefore, these results provide preliminary evidence of the oncolytic activity of NDV in feline leukemia virus-induced lymphoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1484947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T12:36:06Z","timestamp":1749645366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oncolytic potential of Newcastle Disease Virus in feline lymphoma cells: an in vitro evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Talita Gabriela Luna","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Luiz Porfirio","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taismara Kustro","family":"Garnica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arina L\u00e1zaro","family":"Rochetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal Jamil","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Henrique Annibale","family":"Vendramini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Antonio","family":"Brunetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidge","family":"Fukumasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1998.tb02134.x","article-title":"Feline lymphoma (145 cases): proliferation indices, cluster of differentiation 3 immunoreactivity, and their association with prognosis in 90 cats","volume":"12","author":"Vail","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13516621","article-title":"Feline mediastinal lymphoma: a retrospective study of signalment, retroviral status, response to chemotherapy and prognostic indicators","volume":"16","author":"Fabrizio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.004","article-title":"Feline leukaemia virus: half a century since its discovery","volume":"195","author":"Willett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.01.019","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of feline leukemia virus-induced malignancies: insertional mutagenesis","volume":"123","author":"Fujino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103857","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for FIV and FeLV infection in two shelters in the United Kingdom (2011-2012)","volume":"181","author":"Stavisky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.019","article-title":"Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus among client-owned cats and risk factors for infection in Germany","volume":"11","author":"Gleich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/v11110993","article-title":"Pan-European study on the prevalence of the feline leukaemia virus infection\u2014reported by the european advisory board on cat diseases (ABCD Europe)","volume":"11","author":"Studer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1053\/jfms.2001.0146","article-title":"What is new on feline lymphoma?","volume":"3","author":"Guillermo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.12.004","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in cats of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil","volume":"63","author":"Biezus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.764217","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infection in healthy cats in Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Spri\u00dfler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12444693","article-title":"Prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection in domestic cats in Rio de Janeiro","volume":"14","author":"de Almeida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-33","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in peninsular Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Bande","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2018.10.171","article-title":"Feline lymphoma and a high correlation with feline Leukaemia virus infection in Brazil","volume":"166","author":"Cristo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.105945","article-title":"Progressive and regressive infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in cats in southern Brazil: prevalence, risk factors associated, clinical and hematologic alterations","volume":"216","author":"Biezus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070900","article-title":"Effectiveness and adverse events of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone chemotherapy in feline mediastinal lymphoma naturally infected with feline leukemia virus","volume":"12","author":"Sunpongsri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20926893","article-title":"LOPH: a novel chemotherapeutic protocol for feline high-grade multicentric or mediastinal lymphoma, developed in an area endemic for feline leukemia virus","volume":"23","author":"Horta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13483240","article-title":"Cats and chemotherapy: treat as \u201csmall dogs\u201d at your peril","volume":"15","author":"Kent","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1730-1","article-title":"A view on drug resistance in cancer","volume":"575","author":"Vasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01407-6","article-title":"Oncolytic virotherapy: basic principles, recent advances and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061383","article-title":"Talimogene laherparepvec (T-vec): an intralesional cancer immunotherapy for advanced melanoma","volume":"13","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.03.008","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses and immunity","volume":"51","author":"Chaurasiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1723363","article-title":"Recent advances of oncolytic virus in cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Mondal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300108","article-title":"History of oncolytic viruses: genesis to genetic engineering","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/v10030108","article-title":"The oncolytic virus VSV-GP is effective against malignant melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Kimpel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2023.100736","article-title":"Neoadjuvant systemic oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus is safe and may enhance long-term survivorship in dogs with naturally occurring osteosarcoma","volume":"31","author":"Makielski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0432","article-title":"Comparative oncology evaluation of intravenous recombinant oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus therapy in spontaneous canine cancer","volume":"17","author":"Naik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.13024","article-title":"Characterisation and sensitivity of a canine mast cell tumour line to oncolytic viruses","volume":"23","author":"Mehrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96101-4","article-title":"A potential bat adenovirus-based oncolytic virus targeting canine cancers","volume":"11","author":"Matsugo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9070327","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an oncolytic adenovirus as an immunotherapy for canine Cancer patients","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00edn-Carrasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3754","article-title":"Remission of spontaneous canine tumors after systemic cellular viroimmunotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Cejalvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005669","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005669","article-title":"Systemic cellular viroimmunotherapy for canine high-grade gliomas","volume":"10","author":"Cloquell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00116","article-title":"Oncolytic Sendai virus therapy of canine mast cell tumors (a pilot study)","volume":"5","author":"Ilyinskaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42305-9","article-title":"Anti-tumor activity of a recombinant measles virus against canine lung cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Tamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.10.016","article-title":"Antitumor activity of an oncolytic measles virus against canine urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells","volume":"133","author":"Iizuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2023.07.005","article-title":"Oncolytic virotherapy with intratumoral injection of vaccinia virus TG6002 and 5-fluorocytosine administration in dogs with malignant tumors","volume":"30","author":"B\u00e9guin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2020.08.020","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of the oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 by translational research on canine breast Cancer","volume":"19","author":"B\u00e9guin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4075","DOI":"10.3390\/v7072811","article-title":"Preclinical testing oncolytic vaccinia virus strain GLV-5b451 expressing an anti-VEGF single-chain antibody for canine cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Adelfinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070750","article-title":"Canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAdMSCs) as a \u201cTrojan horse\u201d in vaccinia virus mediated oncolytic therapy against canine soft tissue sarcomas","volume":"12","author":"Petrov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81831-2","article-title":"Safety, biodistribution and viral shedding of oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 administered intravenously in healthy beagle dogs","volume":"11","author":"B\u00e9guin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12119","article-title":"Anti-tumour activity of oncolytic Western reserve vaccinia viruses in canine tumour cell lines, xenografts, and fresh tumour biopsies","volume":"14","author":"Autio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02524-y","article-title":"Safety studies and viral shedding of intramuscular administration of oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 in healthy beagle dogs","volume":"16","author":"B\u00e9guin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008660","article-title":"Identification of oncolytic vaccinia restriction factors in canine high-grade mammary tumor cells using single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"16","author":"Cambien","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104337","article-title":"Evaluation of a new recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus strain GLV-5b451 for feline mammary carcinoma therapy","volume":"9","author":"Adelfinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/v10080398","article-title":"Safety of an oncolytic myxoma virus in dogs with soft tissue sarcoma","volume":"10","author":"Macneill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092346","article-title":"Oclacitinib and Myxoma virus therapy in dogs with high-grade soft tissue sarcoma","volume":"11","author":"Ashton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.20517\/jtgg.2021.31","article-title":"Evaluation of immunologic parameters in canine glioma patients treated with an oncolytic herpes virus","volume":"5","author":"Chambers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Genet Genom"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.11.FOCUS20844","article-title":"Safety and interim survival data after intracranial administration of M032, a genetically engineered oncolytic HSV-1 expressing IL-12, in pet dogs with sporadic gliomas","volume":"50","author":"Omar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.14-0570","article-title":"The oncolytic effects of reovirus in canine solid tumor cell lines","volume":"77","author":"Igase","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12468","article-title":"Anti-tumour activity of oncolytic reovirus against canine histiocytic sarcoma cells","volume":"17","author":"Igase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12124","article-title":"The effects of oncolytic reovirus in canine lymphoma cell lines","volume":"14","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12361","article-title":"Oncolytic reovirus therapy: pilot study in dogs with spontaneously occurring tumours","volume":"16","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.08.003","article-title":"Combination therapy with Reovirus and ATM inhibitor enhances cell death and virus replication in canine melanoma","volume":"15","author":"Igase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116156","article-title":"Persistent infection of a canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line with attenuated canine distemper virus expressing Vasostatin or granulocyte-macrophage Colony-stimulating factor","volume":"23","author":"Marek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04878-w","article-title":"Fusion protein and hemagglutinin of canine distemper virus co-induce apoptosis in canine mammary tumor cells","volume":"149","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020200","article-title":"Oxidative stress in canine histiocytic sarcoma cells induced by an infection with canine distemper virus led to a dysregulation of HIF-1\u03b1 downstream pathway resulting in a reduced expression of VEGF-B in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Armando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12466","article-title":"Oncolytic activity of canine distemper virus in canine mammary tubular adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.03.004","article-title":"Safety, tumor reduction, and clinical impact of Zika virus injection in dogs with advanced-stage brain tumors","volume":"28","author":"Kaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02002-z","article-title":"Investigation of oncolytic effect of recombinant Newcastle disease virus in primary and metastatic oral melanoma","volume":"40","author":"Numpadit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12699","article-title":"Oncolytic effect of Newcastle disease virus is attributed to interferon regulation in canine mammary cancer cell lines","volume":"19","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12915","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus LaSota strain induces apoptosis and activates the TNF\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB pathway in canine mammary carcinoma cells","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030372","article-title":"The NDV-MLS as an immunotherapeutic strategy for breast Cancer: proof of concept in female companion dogs with spontaneous mammary Cancer","volume":"16","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16030564","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of Urokinase plasminogen activator-targeted oncolytic Newcastle disease virus for canine intracranial tumors","volume":"16","author":"Rossmeisl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/v8010003","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus: potential therapeutic application for human and canine lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01212880","article-title":"Preferential cytotoxic effect of Newcastle disease virus on lymphoma cells","volume":"122","author":"Bar-Eli","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3311-7","article-title":"Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017","volume":"162","author":"Amarasinghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.06.055","article-title":"Generation of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing two foreign genes for use as a multivalent vaccine and gene therapy vector","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.06.004","article-title":"Virulent Newcastle disease viruses from chicken origin are more pathogenic and transmissible to chickens than viruses normally maintained in wild birds","volume":"235","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1231","article-title":"Newcastle disease and other avian paramyxoviruses","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101348","article-title":"Advantages and challenges of Newcastle disease virus as a vector for respiratory mucosal vaccines","volume":"62","author":"De Swart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880004752X","article-title":"Detection of antibody to avian viruses in human populations","volume":"104","author":"Pedersden","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8241","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00519-11","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus-vectored rabies vaccine is safe, highly immunogenic, and provides long-lasting protection in dogs and cats","volume":"85","author":"Ge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"345","article-title":"Feline lymphomas: immunological and Cytochemical characterization 1","volume":"49","author":"Rojko","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001610695","article-title":"Tissue tropism in the chicken embryo of non-virulent and virulent Newcastle diseases strains that express green fluorescence protein","volume":"32","author":"Al-Garib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.238","article-title":"Analysis of apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry","volume":"1","author":"Riccardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.42.6.672","article-title":"An outbreak of conjunctivitis due to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) occurring in poultry workers","volume":"42","author":"Nelson","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2246","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2246","article-title":"Zoonotic potential of Newcastle disease virus: Old and novel perspectives related to public health","volume":"32","author":"Ul-Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2014.51","article-title":"Intravenously injected Newcastle disease virus in non-human primates is safe to use for oncolytic virotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Buijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01243.x","article-title":"Single agent chemotherapy with doxorubicin for feline lymphoma: a retrospective study of 19 cases (1994-1997)","volume":"15","author":"Kristal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162667","article-title":"Feline lymphoma: patient characteristics and response outcome of the COP-protocol in cats with malignant lymphoma in the Netherlands","volume":"13","author":"Versteegh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030223","article-title":"Effects of chemotherapy on hematological parameters and CD4+\/CD8+ ratio in cats with mediastinal lymphoma and seropositive to feline leukemia virus","volume":"12","author":"Jaroensong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14071051","article-title":"Epidemiological insights into feline leukemia virus infections in an urban cat (Felis catus) population from Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Diesel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101931","article-title":"Occurrence and risk factors of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in cats of Lebanon","volume":"93","author":"Khalife","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1484947\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T12:36:07Z","timestamp":1749645367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1484947\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1484947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1484947","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"article-number":"1484947"}}