{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:24:29Z","timestamp":1787775869765,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most antimicrobials used in pig production are prescribed to treat post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), which constitutes a major health issue in pig production. With the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens, finding solutions to diminish the severity of PWD without antibiotics has become increasingly critical. Potentiated forms of zinc oxide (ZnO) and plant-based bioactive compounds like tannins have been shown to alleviate the severity of diarrhea, thus reducing the need for antibiotic treatment. The aim of this project was to test whether a potentiated form of ZnO (pZnO), alone (study 1) or in combination with tannin-rich extract (study 2), can be used in starter diets for weaned piglets infected by enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC) to reduce PWD severity. At 26 \u00b1 1.6 days of age (average body weight 7.8 \u00b1 1.02 kg), 160 piglets (study 1, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 72; study 2, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 88) were randomly and equally assigned to four dietary treatments (study 1 = 18; study 2 = 22 pigs\/group) and orally infected 4 days after weaning with a solution containing 10<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup> ETEC F4. Study 1 compared the effect of 150 mg Zn\/kg pZnO (pZnO-150) and 300 mg Zn\/kg pZnO (pZnO-300) to a negative control (C) and a positive control, 3,000 mg Zn\/kg ZnO (C-3000). In study 2, a combination of 7.5 g\/kg tannin extract (quebracho and chestnut) and 150 mg Zn\/kg pZnO (TAN+pZnO-150) was compared to pZnO-150 and 7.5 g\/kg tannin-rich extract (TAN) alone and to a negative control (C). The fecal score, bodyweight, daily food intake per pen, fecal F4 ETEC and Zn levels were analyzed. The small intestine content was sampled 9 days after infection to analyze the number of antimicrobial resistance genes. Regardless of the inclusion level, TAN+pZnO-150, TAN and pZnO led to a reduction in antibiotic treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), but only TAN and TAN+pZnO-150 reduced the fecal score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). C-3000 improved the average daily gain (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Tannin-rich extract and potentiated zinc oxide (pZnO) in starter diets effectively reduce the need for antibiotics in ETEC-challenged piglets. Traditional high-dose ZnO improved growth rates, but lower-dose alternatives with tannins provided health benefits without high zinc levels. These findings highlight sustainable dietary strategies to manage post-weaning diarrhea, supporting reduced antibiotic use in pig production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1494103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T16:04:37Z","timestamp":1740153877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Feed supplementation with potentiated zinc and\/or tannin-rich extracts reduces ETEC infection severity and antimicrobial resistance genes in 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