{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:34:40Z","timestamp":1792542880601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, we explore the transformative role of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) in veterinary ophthalmology, focusing on its utility in evaluating the iridocorneal angle and ciliary body in dogs. We begin by outlining UBM\u2019s foundational principles, providing a holistic understanding of its operational mechanics. This is followed by an exploration of the techniques and considerations for optimal UBM imaging, including the use of topical anesthesia, probe positioning, and maintaining a controlled measurement environment. A major section is dedicated to the detailed anatomy of the anterior segment, emphasizing the iridocorneal angle and ciliary body in controlling aqueous humor dynamics within canine and feline eyes. By comparing anatomical structures in humans and animals, we highlight the need for distinct parameters in veterinary medicine. The review also analyzes the parameters obtainable via UBM, emphasizing its potential in monitoring drug-induced ocular changes, gaging post-cataract surgical outcomes, and observing inter-species variations. We conclude by encapsulating the current state of research, addressing existing challenges, and suggesting future research avenues. This synthesis underscores the pivotal role of UBM in advancing veterinary ophthalmic diagnostics and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1501405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T07:25:43Z","timestamp":1740554743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An in-depth review on utilizing ultrasound biomicroscopy for assessing the iridocorneal angle and ciliary body in canines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Donghee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyi","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Seung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Mee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32298-X","article-title":"Clinical use of ultrasound biomicroscopy","volume":"98","author":"Pavlin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70230-X","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the eye at microscopic resolution","volume":"36","author":"Pavlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3282f40bba","article-title":"Anterior segment imaging: ultrasound biomicroscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography","volume":"19","author":"Nolan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01892.x","article-title":"High-resolution ultrasound imaging of the eye - a review","volume":"37","author":"Silverman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.04.002","article-title":"Anterior segment optical coherence tomography","volume":"66","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02015.x","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography of the retina and optic nerve - a review","volume":"37","author":"Sakata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Experiment Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0122-5","article-title":"Real-time high-resolution mid-infrared optical coherence tomography","volume":"8","author":"Israelsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12950","article-title":"Comparison of iridocorneal angle parameters measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound biomicroscopy in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32835f8bf8","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography--current and future applications","volume":"24","author":"Adhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.1617","article-title":"Use of high-resolution ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"223","author":"Bentley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001368","article-title":"Unveiling the power of imaging techniques: comparing high-resolution ultrasound and functional MR neurography in peripheral nervous system pathology: a short communication","volume":"85","author":"Parvathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2015.09.016","article-title":"Impedance matching network for high frequency ultrasonic transducer for cellular applications","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20051101-17","article-title":"An improved water Bath for Ultrasound biomicroscopy","volume":"36","author":"Kapetansky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/kjo.kjo_116_22","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy: an invaluable asset in glaucoma. Kerala","volume":"35","author":"Snehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00898.x","article-title":"Effect of mydriasis induced by topical instillations of 0.5% tropicamide on the anterior segment in normotensive dogs using ultrasound biomicroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Dulaurent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111873","article-title":"Determination of morphological, biometric and biochemical susceptibilities in healthy Eurasier dogs with suspected inherited glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Boillot","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.09-0507","article-title":"Rectification of width and area of the ciliary cleft in dogs","volume":"72","author":"Kawata","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.9.980","article-title":"Effects of prostaglandin-mediated and cholinergic-mediated miosis on morphology of the ciliary cleft region in dogs","volume":"79","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12339","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopic study of the effects of topical latanoprost on the anterior segment and ciliary body thickness in dogs","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.2.279","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the iridocorneal angle of the eye before and after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in dogs","volume":"69","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060080114039","article-title":"Pilocarpine antagonizes prostaglandin F2\u03b1-induced ocular hypotension in monkeys: evidence for enhancement of Uveoscleral outflow by prostaglandin F2\u03b1","volume":"105","author":"Crawford","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(88)90043-7","article-title":"Morphological study of the anterior segment of cynomolgus monkey eyes following treatment with prostaglandin F2 alpha","volume":"47","author":"L\u00fctjen-Drecoll","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0311","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopic findings of the iridocorneal angle in live healthy and glaucomatous dogs","volume":"77","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.06.006","article-title":"Clinical signs and diagnosis of the canine primary Glaucomas","volume":"45","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1366997","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy analysis of ciliary muscle dynamics and its relation to intra-ocular pressure after phacoemulsification in dogs. Frontiers in veterinary","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1247127","article-title":"Evaluation of ciliary cleft changes after phacoemulsification using ultrasound biomicroscopy in dogs with cataracts. Frontiers in veterinary","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.116855","article-title":"The amount of intraocular pressure rise during pharmacological pupillary dilatation is an indicator of the likelihood of future progression of glaucoma","volume":"91","author":"Siam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.06.005","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the outflow facilities","volume":"45","author":"Pizzirani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Mechanisms and routes of aqueous humor drainage","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology","author":"Johnson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(71)90155-2","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the exit pathway of the aqueous in lower mammals. (a preliminary report on the \"angular aqueous plexus\")","volume":"12","author":"Tripathi","year":"1971","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.13188\/2334-2838.1000017","article-title":"The trabecular meshwork: a basic review of form and function","volume":"2","author":"Abu-Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ocul Biol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2020.05.002","article-title":"The trabecular meshwork: structure, function and clinical implications. A review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Buffault","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.05.635","article-title":"Comparison of gonioscopy and ultrasound biomicroscopy for evaluating the iridocorneal angle in dogs","volume":"213","author":"Gibson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05831.x","article-title":"A gonioscopic study of the iridocorneal angle in the English and American breeds of cocker spaniel and the basset hound","volume":"18","author":"Bedford","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.58.10_977","article-title":"Comparative morphology of the pectinate ligaments of domestic mammals, as observed under the dissecting microscope and the scanning electron microscope","volume":"58","author":"Simones","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1159\/000141795","article-title":"The fine structure of extracellular material in the pectinate ligament (trabecular meshwork) of the human iris","volume":"46","author":"Leeson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30595-2","article-title":"Aqueous drainage in the dog","volume":"41","author":"Bedford","year":"1986","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"System of Ophthalmology: The eye in evolution","volume-title":"Anatomy and histology of the eye and orbit in domestic animals","author":"Duke-Elder","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"920","article-title":"Production and drainage of aqueous humor in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca irus)","volume":"4","author":"Bill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"A reevaluation of the comparative anatomy of the eutherian iridocorneal angle and associated ciliary body musculature","volume-title":"Veterinary and comparative ophthalmology (USA)","author":"Samuelson","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-54755-0.00009-7","article-title":"9 - Uvea","volume-title":"Ocular pathology","author":"Yanoff","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-072160561-6.50014-9","article-title":"Chapter 11 - Uvea","volume-title":"Slatter's fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology","author":"Miller","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(92)90057-K","article-title":"Age-related changes of the human ciliary muscle. A quantitative morphometric study","volume":"62","author":"Tamm","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1926-0.10003-7","article-title":"Chapter 3 - Uvea","volume-title":"Clinical anatomy and physiology of the visual system","author":"Remington","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00502-3","article-title":"The mechanism of accommodation in primates","volume":"106","author":"Glasser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1523","article-title":"Accommodative ciliary body and lens function in rhesus monkeys, I: normal lens, zonule and ciliary process configuration in the iridectomized eye","volume":"47","author":"Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-005-0049-6","article-title":"Visual accommodation in vertebrates: mechanisms, physiological response and stimuli","volume":"192","author":"Ott","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101004010052","article-title":"Aqueous humor dynamics: a review","volume":"4","author":"Goel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol J"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23238-1","article-title":"Ocular morphologic traits in the American cocker spaniel may confer primary angle closure glaucoma susceptibility","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2003.00255.x","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the feline anterior segment","volume":"6","author":"Aubin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-02394-8.00003-6","article-title":"CHAPTER 3 - aqueous humor outflow system overview","volume-title":"Becker-Shaffer's diagnosis and therapy of the Glaucomas","author":"Johnstone","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1926-0.10002-5","article-title":"Chapter 2 - cornea and sclera","volume-title":"Clinical anatomy and physiology of the visual system","author":"Remington","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71694-0","article-title":"Changes in the anterior chamber configuration after small-incision cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation","volume":"124","author":"Kurimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2015.10.007","article-title":"Identification of iridocorneal angle structures assessed by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"91","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.018","article-title":"Characterizing anterior segment OCT angle landmarks of the trabecular meshwork complex","volume":"125","author":"Crowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.5.5","article-title":"High-resolution, adaptive optics imaging of the human trabecular meshwork in vivo","volume":"8","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4145","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of ultrasound biomicroscopic images using standard photographs: the liwan eye study","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43015","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43015","article-title":"The long-term anterior segment configuration after pediatric cataract surgery and the association with secondary glaucoma","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"Ch. 1","article-title":"Anatomy of ciliary body, ciliary processes, anterior chamber angle and collector vessels","volume-title":"Glaucoma","author":"Adriana Silva Borges","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the eye","author":"Accommodation","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1045648","article-title":"Ultrastructural and enzyme histochemical studies of regional structural differences within the ciliary muscle in various species","volume":"203","author":"Ebersberger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"ref62","volume-title":"Anatomy and histology of the eye and orbit in domestic animals","author":"Prince","year":"1960"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11585","article-title":"Comparison of iris insertion classification among american caucasian and ethnic Chinese using ultrasound biomicroscopy","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702360","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasound biomicroscopic parameters after laser iridotomy in eyes with primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma","volume":"21","author":"Dada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702317","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopic quantification of the change in anterior chamber angle following laser peripheral iridotomy in early chronic primary angle closure glaucoma","volume":"21","author":"Kaushik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"668","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"93","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-02394-8.00005-X","article-title":"CHAPTER 5 - Gonioscopic anatomy","volume-title":"Becker-Shaffer's diagnosis and therapy of the Glaucomas","author":"Stamper","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.2.150","article-title":"Nd:YAG laser iridotomy in pigment dispersion syndrome: an ultrasound biomicroscopic study","volume":"82","author":"Carassa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17651","article-title":"Dynamic Iris changes as a risk factor in primary angle closure disease","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2008.12.002","article-title":"Angle-closure glaucoma: the role of the lens in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment","volume":"54","author":"Tarongoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71963-4","article-title":"Increase in iris-lens contact after laser iridotomy for pupillary block angle closure","volume":"122","author":"Caronia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.02.012","article-title":"High Iris insertion in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Boese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2019.002","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy studies to evaluate ciliary cleft parameters in healthy eyes of American cocker spaniels","volume":"39","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.06.898","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and biometric evaluation of the eye and orbit of dogs","volume":"50","author":"Cottrill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01043.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the distance between Schwalbe's line and the anterior lens capsule as a parameter for the correction of ultrasound biomicroscopic values of the canine iridocorneal angle","volume":"16","author":"Kawata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13303","article-title":"Sex differences in canine anterior chamber dimensions: potential implications for primary angle-closure glaucoma","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.02.026","article-title":"The effect of cataract extraction on the contractility of ciliary muscle","volume":"146","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S131399","article-title":"Ultrasound biomicroscopy value in evaluation of restoration of ciliary muscles contractility after cataract extraction","volume":"11","author":"Fayed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20150319-06","article-title":"Can ultrasound biomicroscopy be used to predict accommodation accurately?","volume":"31","author":"Ramasubramanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Refract Surg"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Physiology, Accommodation. StatPearls","author":"Motlagh","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/118074a0","article-title":"Helmholtz's treatise on physiological optics","volume":"118","author":"Peddie","year":"1926","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44085-8","article-title":"Ciliary body size in chronic angle-closure glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Jonas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.12.012","article-title":"Uveoscleral outflow \u2013 a review","volume":"88","author":"Alm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(71)90149-7","article-title":"Uveoscleral drainage of aqueous humour in human eyes","volume":"12","author":"Bill","year":"1971","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060140759051","article-title":"Age-related loss of morphologic responses to pilocarpine in rhesus monkey ciliary muscle","volume":"106","author":"L\u00fctjen-Drecoll","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.1.60","article-title":"Evaluation of potential risk factors for development of primary angle-closure glaucoma in Bouviers des Flandres","volume":"250","author":"Dubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.77.5.957","article-title":"Relative densities of muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptors in the canine sinoatrial node and their relation to sites of pacemaker activity","volume":"77","author":"Beau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-7167-6.00050-6","article-title":"50 - the eye","volume-title":"Medical pharmacology and therapeutics","author":"Waller","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385157-4.00508-X","article-title":"Parasympathetic system; overview","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the neurological sciences","author":"Benarroch","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0119","article-title":"Prostaglandin F2\u03b1and its analogs induce release of endogenous prostaglandins in Iris and ciliary muscles isolated from cat and other mammalian species","volume":"63","author":"Yousufzai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v7i1.3","article-title":"Changes in intraocular pressure and horizontal pupil diameter during use of topical mydriatics in the canine eye","volume":"7","author":"Kovalcuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4416","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27794","article-title":"The ciliary muscle and Zonules of Zinn modulate Lens intracellular hydrostatic pressure through transient receptor potential Vanilloid channels","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.62.5.302","article-title":"Effects of pilocarpine on the morphology of the human outflow apparatus","volume":"62","author":"Grierson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9629(96)00280-0","article-title":"Expanding forces in aqueous outflow pathways of a nonaccommodating mammal: an approach via comparative dynamic morphology","volume":"117","author":"Carreras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12341","article-title":"Effect of preservative-free tafluprost on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and anterior segment structures in normal canine eyes","volume":"20","author":"Kwak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.01.017","article-title":"Unconventional aqueous humor outflow: a review","volume":"158","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00853.x","article-title":"Postoperative complications and visual outcomes of phacoemulsification in 103 dogs (179 eyes): 2006\u20132008","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.70","article-title":"Development of glaucoma after phacoemulsification for removal of cataracts in dogs: 22 cases (1987-1997)","volume":"218","author":"Lannek","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.01.105","article-title":"Ocular hypertension following cataract surgery in dogs: 139 cases (1992-1993)","volume":"209","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00669.x","article-title":"Relationship of the iridocorneal angle, as measured using ultrasound biomicroscopy, with post-operative increases in intraocular pressure post-phacoemulsification in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Crumley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12098","article-title":"Progression of pectinate ligament dysplasia over time in two populations of flat-coated retrievers","volume":"18","author":"Pearl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref102","volume-title":"Slatter\u2019s fundamentals of veterinary ophthalmology","author":"Uvea","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04006.x","article-title":"Prevalence of the breed-related glaucomas in pure-bred dogs in North America","volume":"7","author":"Gelatt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.07.025","article-title":"Lens vault, thickness, and position in Chinese subjects with angle closure","volume":"118","author":"Nongpiur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.01.015","article-title":"Determinants of lens vault and association with narrow angles in patients from Singapore","volume":"154","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"383","article-title":"Pseudofacility in the human eye","volume":"69","author":"Kupfer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.17555\/jvc.2022.39.4.162","article-title":"A retrospective study of canine primary Glaucoma (2011-2020)","volume":"39","author":"Yun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Clin"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00912.x","article-title":"Feline glaucoma--a comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"McLellan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2001.00169.x","article-title":"The feline glaucomas: 82 cases (1995-1999)","volume":"4","author":"Blocker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/ejos.ejos_67_23","article-title":"A study of mydriatic effect on intraocular pressure and anterior chamber angle morphology by anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Journal of the Egyptian ophthalmological","volume":"117","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Society"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7030866","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7030866","article-title":"The imaging characteristics of Lens subluxation on the Ultrasound biomicroscopy","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13167","article-title":"Traction suture fixation technique using a capsular tension ring fragment for severe lens displacement during cataract surgery in dogs","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1501405\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T07:26:11Z","timestamp":1740554771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1501405\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1501405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1501405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"article-number":"1501405"}}