{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:16:58Z","timestamp":1792063018467,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyse the effects of argon cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on canine corneas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy canine eyes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20) were subjected to a keratectomy (5 \u00d7 7 mm, 400 \u03bcm) and divided into two control (c1\u2014not cultured; t0\u2014cultured) and two treatment groups (t2, t5\u2014treatment of 2 or 5 min, cultured); <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5 eyes each. The kINPen<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> VET (neoplas GmbH, Greifswald, Germany) was used for CAP treatment. Corneas (t0, t2, t5) were cultured at an air-liquid interface (72 h). Histopathological and immunohistochemical (Ki-67, Caspase-3, \u03b1-SMA) examinations were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Corneal epithelization was complete and epithelial thickness was similar in all eyes. The number of perilimbal epithelial cell nuclei varied between groups with c1 = 22 \u00b1 6, t0 = 13 \u00b1 5, t2 = 15 \u00b1 5 and t5 = 10 \u00b1 4 nuclei\/randomized fields and was lowest in t5, which was significantly different from t2 but not from t0. Ki-67 positive cells in the stroma varied between groups with c1 = 0.2 \u00b1 0.45, t0 = 8 \u00b1 12, t2 = 18 \u00b1 12 and t5 = 10 \u00b1 7 positive cells\/section. More Ki-67 positive cells were found in t2 compared to t5. This was not significantly different from t0. Caspase-3 and \u03b1-SMA expression were similar in all treatment groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine corneas treated with CAP showed similar corneal wound healing compared to untreated corneas <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. A 5-min CAP application results in a lower perilimbal epithelial cell density and fewer Ki67 positive stromal cells compared to the 2-min treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1518071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T14:04:08Z","timestamp":1739282648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Short-term effects of argon cold atmospheric plasma on canine corneas ex vivo"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juliane","family":"Dick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lockow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger Andreas","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(03)90016-8","article-title":"Bacterial cornea1 diseases in dogs and cats","volume":"18","author":"Franck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9021","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202212_30577","article-title":"Infectious keratitis: an update on the prevalence risk factors, culture results, clinical features, visual outcomes, and therapeutic strategies of infectious keratitis","volume":"26","author":"Ojaghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12698","article-title":"Comparison of bacterial culture results collected via direct corneal ulcer vs conjunctival fornix sampling in canine eyes with presumed bacterial ulcerative keratitis","volume":"23","author":"Auten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13462","article-title":"Assessment of the inter-rater agreement of corneal cytology and culture findings in canine ulcerative keratitis","volume":"63","author":"Hamzianpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Gelatt","year":"2021"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903633","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.903633","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence factors of isolates of staphylococcus pseudintermedius from healthy dogs and dogs with keratitis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12801","article-title":"Using minimum inhibitory concentration values of common topical antibiotics to investigate emerging antibiotic resistance: a retrospective study of 134 dogs and 20 horses with ulcerative keratitis","volume":"23","author":"Jinks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12885","article-title":"Melting corneal ulcers (keratomalacia) in dogs: a 5-year clinical and microbiological study (2014-2018)","volume":"24","author":"Tsvetanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"33","article-title":"Act on Veterinary Medicinal Products and on Implementing the Provisions of Union Law concerning Veterinary Medicinal Products1 (Veterinary Medicinal Products Act \u2013 TAMG) Veterinary Veterinary Medicinal Products Act of 27 September 2021 (Federal Law Gazette (BGBl.) 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