{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T03:07:53Z","timestamp":1776913673077,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020965","name":"Henan Medical School, Henan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LHGJ20190550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHGJ20190550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020965","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amid growing concern about antimicrobial resistance due to the irrational use of antibiotics in treating common poultry diseases, particularly <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> which is a foodborne pathogen in humans. This study investigates the effects of ethnoveterinary supplementation of <jats:italic>Rauwolfia serpentina<\/jats:italic> (L. Benth. ex Kurz) powder (RSP) on three key immune-related genes; Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), the quiescence-related gene P20K (P20K), and the major histocompatibility complex Class II\u03b2 (MHC class II\u03b2), gut morphology and growth performance of broiler chicks infected with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Gallinarum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and forty day-old Hubbard classic chickens were randomly assigned to four groups: non-challenged control (NC), and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Gallinarum challenge group (SGC), and two treatment groups fed a basic diet supplemented with 1.5% <jats:italic>Rauwolfia serpentina<\/jats:italic> powder (RSP) with SGC (RSP-1) and 3% RSP with SGC (RSP-2), respectively, from day 3 till 28 days of age. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 15 bird\/replicate pen. On day 7, all the birds in the RSP-1, RSP-2 and SGC groups received 1 ml of BHI broth containing 2 \u00d7 108 CFU of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Gallinarum via oral gavage. While control birds received an equivalent volume of sterile BHI broth. Gene expression analysis was conducted using real-time PCR to measure the expression of key immune-related genes: SOCS3, P20K, and MHC Class II\u03b2 in spleen, liver, and caeca. Additionally, histopathological assessments of gut and growth performance parameters including feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored throughout the experimental period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gene expression analysis at 3 and 21 days post-challenge revealed that SGC birds had significantly higher SOCS3, P20K, and lower MHC class II\u03b2 expression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) in the caecum, liver, and spleen of broiler chickens. In contrast, the RSP-1 and RSP-2 groups showed significantly lower SOCS3 and P20K expression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), alongside improved gut morphology, weight gain, and FCR compared to the SGC group, with these benefits increasing over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, these findings suggest that <jats:italic>Rauwolfia serpentina<\/jats:italic> supplementation modulates key immune-related gene expression (SOCS3, P20K, and MHC class II\u03b2), enhances intestinal health, and improves growth performance in broilers challenged with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Gallinarum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1534347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T13:52:31Z","timestamp":1738590751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunomodulatory and growth-promoting effects of Rauwolfia serpentina root powder in broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiba","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farina","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bushra Nisar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Chaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayaesha","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ovais Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aqib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qamar","family":"un Nisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Muddassir Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulbeena","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.542575","article-title":"Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid\u2014new thoughts on old diseases: a review","volume":"40","author":"Barrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2021.083","article-title":"Pathobiological and immunohistochemical findings in broiler chickens naturally infected with Salmonella Enterica Serotype Gallinarum biotype Gallinarum","volume":"42","author":"Saleem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak Vet J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20150398","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum isolated from ill poultry in Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Filho Penha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01881","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing country-perspective","volume":"7","author":"Founou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9090594","article-title":"The current status of the alternative use to antibiotics in poultry production: an African perspective","volume":"9","author":"Selaledi Andrew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.20959\/wjpps201610-7812","article-title":"Evaluation of the chemical composition of Rauwolfia serpentina and Leucas aspera\u2013a comparative study","volume":"5","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Pharm Pharm Sci."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"445","article-title":"Indian snake root and devil root as distinctive medicinal plant for curing human disease: biology, chemistry and cultivation practices of Rauwolfia serpentina and Rauwolfia tetraphylla","author":"Bhanwaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants for Novel Drug Molecules: Ethnobotany to Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.15835\/nsb839831","article-title":"In-vitro antimicrobial activity of roots of Rauwolfia serpentina L. Benth Kurz","volume":"8","author":"Owk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Not. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"B9","first-page":"152","article-title":"Antifungal and antibacterial activity of methanolic, ethanolic and acetonic leaf extracts of sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina)","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharmacogn Phytochem."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02888-3","article-title":"Reserpine improves Enterobacteriaceae resistance in chicken intestine via neuro-immunometabolic signaling and MEK1\/2 activation","volume":"4","author":"Redweik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"85","article-title":"Rauwolfia serpentina: a stress alleviator of coloured broilers using incentive to feed in extreme summer","volume":"52","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Poult Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112278","article-title":"A comparative antibacterial, antioxidant, and antineoplastic potential of Rauwolfia serpentina (L) leaf extract with its biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles (R-AuNPs)","volume":"10","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s41782-021-00192-y","article-title":"Rauwolfia serpentina: a potential plant to treat insomnia disorder","volume":"6","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Vigil."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.02.004","article-title":"Debugging how bacteria manipulate the immune response","volume":"26","author":"Sansonetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101605","article-title":"Differential immunological response detected in mRNA expression profiles among diverse chicken lines in response to Salmonella challenge","volume":"101","author":"Kaiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103164","article-title":"Stress-induced immunosuppression inhibits immune response to infectious bursal disease virus vaccine partially by miR-27b-3p\/SOCS3 regulatory gene network in chicken","volume":"102","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201168","article-title":"SOCS3 deficiency promotes M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation","volume":"189","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B18","author":"United","year":"2003","journal-title":"United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5873648","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5873648","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of alkaloids, and antioxidant activity of crude plant extracts from Ephedra intermedia indigenous to Balochistan","volume":"2017","author":"Gul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci World J."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2576-6694.jbbs-19-2791","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography profiling of crude extracts from Senna occidentalis (leaves)","volume":"2","author":"Lawal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biotechnol Biomed Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.2748","article-title":"Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1974.28.1.49","article-title":"Total phenol analyses: automation and caparison with manual methods","volume":"28","author":"Slinkard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Enol Viticult"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"607","article-title":"Pathway to screen phytochemical nature of natural drugs","volume-title":"Pharmacognosy, 39th ed.","author":"Kokate","year":"2007"},{"key":"B24","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2001.2.1.33","article-title":"Competitive exclusion against Salmonella Gallinarum of Salmonella Enteritidis infected chickens","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjz\/20191029131040","article-title":"Antibiofilm activity of proteolytic enzymes against Salmonella Gallinarum isolates from commercial broiler chickens","volume":"53","author":"Liaqat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pakistan J Zool."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot5439","article-title":"Purification of RNA using TRIzol (TRI reagent)","volume":"6","author":"Rio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013 \u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933912000104","article-title":"The use of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in poultry feed","volume":"68","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Worlds Poult Sci J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.5.921","article-title":"Gastrointestinal maturation is accelerated in turkey poults supplemented with a mannan-oligosaccharide yeast extract (Alphamune)","volume":"86","author":"Santos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poul Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.143","article-title":"Negative regulation of cytokine signaling pathways","volume":"18","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.10.008","article-title":"Regulation of cytokine signaling by SOCS family molecules","volume":"24","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.1679","article-title":"Dendritic cells transduced with SOCS-3 exhibit a tolerogenic\/DC2 phenotype that directs type 2 Th cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"177","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00636-6","article-title":"Acetate acts as a metabolic immunomodulator by bolstering T-cell effector function and potentiating antitumor immunity in breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Cancer."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00307-18","article-title":"Model of persistent Salmonella infection: Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum modulates the immune response of the chicken from a Th17-type response towards a Th2-type response","volume":"86","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(02)00026-6","article-title":"Regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Hanada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.12.001","article-title":"Th1\/Th2 polarization by viral and helminth infection in birds","volume":"105","author":"Degen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2095-2101.2003","article-title":"Leishmania donovani-induced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in human macrophages: a novel mechanism for intracellular parasite suppression of activation","volume":"71","author":"Bertholet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.12.009","article-title":"Modulation of chicken macrophage effector function by TH1\/TH2 cytokines","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5845491","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5845491","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of Gyejibokryeong-Hwan in a mouse model of reserpine-induced depression","volume":"2018","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0562-6","article-title":"Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health","volume":"49","author":"Lillehoj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03029","volume":"92","author":"Shao","year":"2013"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9060301","article-title":"Intestinal morphology in broiler chickens supplemented with propolis and bee pollen","volume":"9","author":"Prakatur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02515-15","article-title":"Pentanol and benzyl alcohol attack bacterial surface structures differently","volume":"82","author":"Yano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8995","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168995","article-title":"In vitro investigation of the anti-fibrotic effects of 1-phenyl-2-pentanol, identified from moringa oleifera lam, on hepatic stellate cells international","volume":"25","author":"Buakaew","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050568","article-title":"Bioactive Potential of 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol and Benzofuran from Brassica oleracea L. var capitate f, rubra (Red Cabbage) on oxidative and microbiological stability of beef meat","volume":"9","author":"Rubab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00824-9","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling, in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic potential of Sesuvium sesuvioides (fenzl) verdc(aizoaceae)","volume":"29","author":"Sajid-Ur-Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581810377518","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of dietary exposure to selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)","volume":"29","author":"Connelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01495-y","article-title":"Penta-acetyl Geniposide suppresses migration, invasion, and inflammation of TNF-\u03b1-stimulated rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes involving wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"44","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01389-4","article-title":"Oleic acid enriched diet affects the metabolome composition of the hybrid grouper infected with vibriosis","volume":"50","author":"Natnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.1c01107","article-title":"Chemically tuning resveratrol for the effective killing of gram-positive pathogens","volume":"85","author":"Cebri\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nat Prod."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.10.018","article-title":"Pterostilbene surpassed resveratrol for anti-inflammatory application: potency consideration and pharmacokinetics perspective","volume":"11","author":"Choo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174365","article-title":"Modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by melatonin","volume":"907","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5719","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00628","article-title":"Evaluation of microbiome-host relationships in the zebrafish gastrointestinal system reveals adaptive immunity is a target of Bis (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) exposure","volume":"54","author":"Adamovsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158384","article-title":"Co-occurrence of light microplastics and phthalate esters in soils of China","volume":"852","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2174\/1573406415666190724145158","article-title":"Methoxychalcones: effect of methoxyl group on the antifungal, antibacterial and antiproliferative activities","volume":"16","author":"Marques","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.103715","article-title":"Stilbenes from the tubers of Bletilla striata with potential anti-neuroinflammatory activity","volume":"97","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000103195","article-title":"Global gene expression profile after Salmonella enterica Serovar enteritidis challenge in two F8 advanced intercross chicken lines","volume":"117","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytogenet Genome Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.06.046","article-title":"Role of autophagy in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis","volume":"149","author":"Baxt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1534347\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T13:52:36Z","timestamp":1738590756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1534347\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1534347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1534347","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"article-number":"1534347"}}