{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:38:00Z","timestamp":1792802280639,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulse-based pet foods often contain peas or pea starch, which tend to impart a bitter taste. Fermentation increases feed palatability, but also has the potential to improve overall health. Therefore, the current study used the yeast, <jats:italic>Candida utilis,<\/jats:italic> to ferment pea starch for use in pet food and assessed health effects, focusing on metabolic and intestinal health in dogs and cats. Whole diets had ~30% starch inclusion of either <jats:italic>C. utilis<\/jats:italic>-fermented pea starch, unfermented pea starch, or a control corn diet fed over a 20-day period to beagle dogs and domestic cats. Complete blood count, biochemistry, adipokines, and triglyceride levels were assessed, along with fecal short chain fatty acids, microbial diversity and abundance to measure intestinal health. It was found that pea-based diets (regardless of fermentation) generally resulted in improved metabolic health by both species, indicated by lower plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, and leptin levels compared to the control corn diet. Additionally, the <jats:italic>C. utilis<\/jats:italic>-fermented pea starch diet improved dog fecal microbial diversity, while both pea diets increased richness and evenness in the microbial population and a larger <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic> population compared to dogs fed the corn-based diet. In contrast, cat microbiome could not be quantitatively evaluated due to poor fecal quality. Taken together, inclusion of pea starch improves metabolic and intestinal health after 20\u202fdays consumption in dogs, while fermentation of pea starch with <jats:italic>C. utilis<\/jats:italic> may provide additional benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1542484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T13:55:34Z","timestamp":1749477334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of feeding Candida utilis-fermented pea starch on overall, metabolic and intestinal health of dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Curso-Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus de Oliveira","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Adolphe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray D.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Loewen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn P.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514001214","article-title":"Short-term obesity results in detrimental metabolic and cardiovascular changes that may not be reversed with weight loss in an obese dog model","volume":"112","author":"Adolphe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2021.110973","article-title":"Glycemic, insulinemic and methylglyoxal postprandial responses to starches alone or in whole diets in dogs versus cats: relating the concept of glycemic index to metabolic responses and gene expression","volume":"257","author":"Briens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802309-9.00016-9","volume-title":"Fermented foods in health and disease prevention","author":"Frias","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13940","article-title":"Determining the effects of C. utilis-fermented pea starch vs. unfermented pea starch, alone or in whole diets, on palatability and glycemic response in dogs and cats","volume":"108","author":"Curso-Almeida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7700-8","article-title":"Candida utilis and Cyberlindnera (Pichia) jadinii: yeast relatives with expanding applications","volume":"100","author":"Buerth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2017.06.001","article-title":"Biotechnological use of Candida yeasts in the food industry: A review","volume":"31","author":"Kieliszek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fungal Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201133","article-title":"Oat beta-glucan as a dietary supplement for dogs","volume":"13","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597939","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.597939","article-title":"Supplementation of yeast cell wall fraction tends to improve intestinal health in adult dogs undergoing an abrupt diet transition","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac245","article-title":"Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product-supplemented diet on circulating immune cells and oxidative stress in dogs","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.2527\/jas2011-4334","article-title":"Fiber fermentability effects on energy and macronutrient digestibility, fecal traits, postprandial metabolite responses, and colon histology of overweight cats","volume":"90","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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