{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:27:53Z","timestamp":1773692873506,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2022C037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2022C037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Newborn piglet diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC) causes serious economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Heat-stable enterotoxins (STa) secreted by ETEC can damage the intestine, resulting in villus atrophy and shedding, which is the main cause of diarrhea in newborn piglets; however, the mechanism is not clear. This experiment was conducted <jats:italic>in\u202fvivo<\/jats:italic> (three-day-old suckling mice) and <jats:italic>in\u202fvitro<\/jats:italic> (IPEC-J2 cells) to explore the effect of STa on the intestinal epithelium by comparing the differences after infection with STa toxin-secreting <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> O142 or STa-knockout <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> O142\u0394estA. The results showed that STa caused diarrhea, small intestinal edema, atrophy and rupture of small intestinal villi, and death in a dose-dependent manner in mice, and downregulated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in IPEC-J2 cells. Activation of the mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis pathway through excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induces injury of the small intestinal villi, leading to diarrhea in piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1545696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T15:48:05Z","timestamp":1746546485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Heat-stable enterotoxin induced apoptosis in small intestine epithelial cells via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meijia","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qizheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6643-9","article-title":"Receptor 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