{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:22:04Z","timestamp":1789662124788,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), a picornavirus, primarily infects the central nervous system of 1 to 2-week-old young chickens but not pullets. When wild-type AEV undergoes serial passaging in chicken embryos, it becomes to be embryo-adapted and can cause avian encephalomyelitis in chickens of all ages following intracutaneous infection through parenteral routes. This study was conducted to explore whether an outbreak of AEV in 95-day-old chickens was linked to inadvertent embryo adaptation of the AEV vaccine and its association with vaccination method. In this study, an AEV strain AEV\/JS202201 was isolated from the flocks of chickens that had been shortly after vaccinated with the AEV vaccine combined with the avian pox vaccine by the wing-web method. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the isolated AEV\/JS202201 and the immunized VACCINE X strain. The results showed that the length of AEV\/JS202201 and VACCINE X strain was determined to be 7,032\u202fbp and 7,034\u202fbp, respectively (both excluding the poly A tail). Compared with VACCINE X strain, one mutation, T24A, were found at the VP4 in the isolated AEV\/JS202201 strain. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that no other AEV strains exhibited this mutation. Animal regression experiment confirmed that AEV\/JS202201 could infect layer pullets and caused typical pathological changes in brain tissue, with a higher morbidity rate (4\/10) and more severe clinical symptoms in chickens immunized via the wing-web method compared to those immunized orally (2\/10). In summary, this study found a potential virulence-related mutation in the VP4 protein of AEV and emphasized that the oral vaccine method is safer than the wing-web method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1548515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T12:52:26Z","timestamp":1741179146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of virulence-related amino acid mutations of avian encephalomyelitis virus associated with vaccination methods"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongyi","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yantao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/0307945042000220570","article-title":"Avian encephalomyelitis in naturally infected pigeons in Turkey","volume":"33","author":"Toplu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.30","article-title":"Occurrences of avian encephalomyelitis virus in naturally infected chicks in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province","volume":"14","author":"Al-Hammadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0341036","article-title":"Effects of an outbreak of avian encephalomyelitis (epidemic tremor) in a breeding flock","volume":"34","author":"Taylor","year":"1955","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"532","article-title":"Egg drop associated with avian encephalomyelitis virus","volume":"127","author":"Meroz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.2307\/1590491","article-title":"A rapid procedure for the purification of avian encephalomyelitis viruses","volume":"29","author":"Tannock","year":"1985","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2021.h488","article-title":"First report on the seroprevalence of avian encephalomyelitis virus antibody in Sonali (cross-bred) chickens in Bogura, Bangladesh","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Anim Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.677","article-title":"Kobuviruses - a comprehensive review","volume":"21","author":"Reuter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450902912168","article-title":"Avian encephalomyelitis virus in reared pheasants: a case study","volume":"38","author":"Welchman Dde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.01.006","article-title":"The VP1 protein of avian encephalomyelitis virus is a major host-protective immunogen that serves as diagnostic potential","volume":"149","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.04.005","article-title":"Progress in research on the molecular biological detection techniques of avian encephalomyelitis","volume":"159","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Susceptibility of chickens to avian encephalomyelitis virus. 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