{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:50:18Z","timestamp":1792018218387,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Getah virus (GETV) is a zoonotic arbovirus causing disease in humans and animals, a member of the <jats:italic>Alphavirus<\/jats:italic> genus. Currently, approved antiviral drugs and vaccines against alphaviruses are few available. This study aimed to investigate the anti-GETV activity of the Extract of <jats:italic>Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi<\/jats:italic> (ESG) <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cytotoxic effects of ESG on BHK-21 cells were quantitatively evaluated through the MTT assay. Quantitative analysis of viral replication was performed using qRT-PCR, while E2 protein expression was analyzed through western blotting. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations were conducted to examine the binding affinity between the principal bioactive constituents of ESG and the E2 structural proteins. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of ESG in alleviating viremia was evaluated in GETV-infected mouse models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that ESG significantly attenuated the cytopathic effects induced by GETV infection in BHK-21 cells, concurrently reducing both viral replication and E2 protein expression. Notably, ESG exhibited its most potent antiviral activity during the viral attachment and entry phases, with IC50 values of 3.69 \u03bcg\/mL and 3.94 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 10 \u03bcg\/mL, ESG achieved 95.08% inhibition efficiency against viral attachment. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that ESG treatment significantly reduced the peak viral load and shortened the duration of viremia in GETV-infected mice. The main components of ESG are baicalin and baicalein, and molecular docking simulations demonstrated strong binding affinities between these compounds and the active site of GETV E2 protein, with docking scores of \u22126.99 kcal\/mol for baicalin and \u22125.21 kcal\/mol for baicalein.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experimental findings demonstrate that ESG exhibits significant antiviral efficacy against GETV infection both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. These results indicate that ESG represents a promising therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of GETV infections. Mechanistically, the antiviral activity of ESG appears to be mediated, at least in part, through the modulation of E2 protein expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1551501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T02:51:12Z","timestamp":1742957472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antiviral activity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Extract against Getah virus in vivo and in vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Baoling","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130847","article-title":"Getah virus capsid protein undergoes co-condensation with viral genomic RNA to facilitate virion assembly","volume":"265","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00374-6","article-title":"Structure of infective Getah virus at 2.8 A resolution determined by cryo-electron microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Disc."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0741-5","article-title":"A 2015 outbreak of Getah virus infection occurring among Japanese racehorses sequentially to an outbreak in 2014 at the same site","volume":"12","author":"Bannai","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12867","article-title":"An outbreak of Getah virus infection among pigs in China, 2017","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00591-23","article-title":"Transcriptome screening identifies TIPARP as an antiviral host factor against the Getah virus","volume":"97","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.11.016","article-title":"Getah virus: an increasing threat in China","volume":"80","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110174","article-title":"A recombinant Getah virus expressing a GFP gene for rapid neutralization testing and antiviral drug screening assay","volume":"598","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112690","article-title":"Research progress of active ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications","volume":"148","author":"Yingrui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119317","article-title":"The pharmacological efficacy of baicalin in inflammatory diseases","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106712","article-title":"Antiviral activity and underlying mechanisms of baicalin against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro","volume":"193","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2022.2109453","article-title":"Antiviral activity and underlying mechanisms of baicalin against avian infectious bronchitis virus in vitro","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5452","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05452","article-title":"Baicalin, a metabolite of baicalein with antiviral activity against dengue virus","volume":"4","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134149","article-title":"Proteomic analysis reveals the antiviral effects of baicalin on pseudorabies virus","volume":"277","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Holothuria sp. a sea cucumber against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)","author":"Farshadpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4083-4","article-title":"Baicalein and baicalin as Zika virus inhibitors","volume":"164","author":"Oo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Virol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105788","article-title":"In-silico screening and in-vitro assay show the antiviral effect of Indomethacin against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"147","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494654","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1494654","article-title":"Isolation and pathogenicity of a highly virulent group III porcine Getah virus in China","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.015","article-title":"New World alphavirus protein interactomes from a therapeutic perspective","volume":"163","author":"Carey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.12.012","article-title":"Deciphering the potential of baicalin as an antiviral agent for Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"150","author":"Oo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31235","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA00817H","article-title":"In silico study on baicalein and baicalin as inhibitors of dengue virus replication","volume":"6","author":"Hassandarvish","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1551501\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T02:51:14Z","timestamp":1742957474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1551501\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1551501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1551501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"article-number":"1551501"}}