{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:41:10Z","timestamp":1790962870833,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial-resistant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> serves as an indicator for monitoring the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the human, animal, and environmental interface. The present study employs a \u2018One Health\u2019 framework to determine the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the AMR profile and biofilm forming ability of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from milk, hand swabs and slurry samples of 405 dairy herds in Punjab, India. An overall prevalence of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was 34.3% (139\/405) (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.39) from pooled milk samples, 9.1% (37\/405) (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.12) from the hand swabs of animal handlers and 64.4% (261\/405) (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.69) in the slurry samples. Multidrug resistance (resistance to 3 or more classes of antimicrobials) was exhibited by 24.4% (34\/139) of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from milk, 40.5% (15\/37) from hand swabs, 60.5% (158\/261) from slurry samples. Moreover, of the <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates, 11.51% (16\/139) from milk, 24.32% (09\/37) from hand swabs and 31.42% (82\/261) from slurry samples were resistant to 5 or more antimicrobial classes. On molecular characterisation, 19.4% (27\/139) of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from milk, 37.8% (14\/37) from hand swabs, and 33.3% (87\/261) from slurry samples harboured various genes. Principal component analysis and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices highlighted varying <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactamase (ESBL\/AmpC \u03b2-lactamase) gene distributions across samples, with milk exhibiting the highest diversity. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant protective effect of milk hygiene scores against <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> occurrence (OR\u202f=\u202f0.18; 95% CI: 0.13\u20130.26, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), while linear regression demonstrated a significant negative association between milk hygiene scores and the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.02). Biofilm assays revealed that 19.2% of isolates were strong biofilm formers, with a strong association (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) between biofilm formation potential and MAR index. The multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were predominantly moderate biofilm producers, with 23.5% (milk), 20% (hand swabs), and 24.1% (slurry) classified as strong biofilm formers. The study findings underscore the need for One Health-integrated strategies to holistically address AMR challenges at the dairy-environment interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1553468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:10:40Z","timestamp":1750133440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm forming ability of Escherichia coli in milk, animal handlers and slurry samples from dairy herds of Punjab, India"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Deepthi","family":"Vijay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasbir Singh","family":"Bedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Dhaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randhir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaswinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatinder Paul Singh","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Wilson BA, Ho BT. 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