{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:21:24Z","timestamp":1785774084017,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary multi-enzyme (MCPC) supplementation on synergistically enhancing the functions of both the foregut and hindgut, ultimately improving the nutrient digestion and utilization throughout the gastrointestinal tract. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> results demonstrated that MCPC increased the phosphorus and reducing sugar levels in the supernatant during enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, during the fermentation of the enzymatic hydrolysis products, MCPC significantly increased the FRD<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> value of the enzymatic hydrolysis products from both the positive control (PC) and negative control 1 (NC1) diets (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). MCPC reduced the T<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> value of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> fermentation products from the PC diet (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01), and decreased the V<jats:sub>F<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.082) and K (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) values for the NC1 diet. Additionally, 72 crossbred barrows [Duroc \u00d7 (Landrace \u00d7 Yorkshire)], weighing 25\u202fkg, were fed one of six diets until their live weight approached 50\u202fkg. The basal diets consisted of PC, NC1 and negative control 2 (NC2), while the remaining three diets were prepared by adding 100\u202fmg\/kg MCPC to the respective basal diets. The results showed that MCPC supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of solute carrier family 17 member 4 (<jats:italic>SLC17A4<\/jats:italic>) and vitamin D receptor (<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>) genes in the duodenum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05), while downregulating the expression of Calbindin-D28k (<jats:italic>CaBP-D28K<\/jats:italic>) and solute carrier family 1 member 4 (<jats:italic>SLC1A4<\/jats:italic>) genes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05) in growing pigs. Moreover, MCPC supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of <jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>, glucose transporter 2 (<jats:italic>GLUT2<\/jats:italic>) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (<jats:italic>FABP2<\/jats:italic>) genes in the jejunum of growing pigs. Furthermore, MCPC supplementation significantly increased the relative abundances of <jats:italic>Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Phascolarctobacterium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05), while reducing the relative abundances of <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobiota<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05) in the colon of growing pigs. In conclusion, MCPC enhances nutrient digestion and absorption in the foregut, provides fermentable substrates for hindgut microbial fermentation, and improves gut microbiota composition. This improves hindgut fermentation and supports the synergistic interaction between the foregut and hindgut, ultimately improving nutrient utilization and benefiting animal health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1554919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:54:38Z","timestamp":1740466478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synergistic effects of multi-enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestion and absorption in the foregut and hindgut"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianpeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianqiang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00576-0","article-title":"Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review","volume":"12","author":"Jha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15276","article-title":"Feed non-starch polysaccharides for monogastric animals: classification and function","volume":"55","author":"Choct","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00526-9","article-title":"Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish","volume":"199","author":"Francis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101290","article-title":"A review of plant anti-nutritional factors in animal health and production: the classification, biological properties, and the passivation strategy","volume":"18","author":"Khajali","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514001494","article-title":"Improvements in growth performance, bone mineral status and nutrient digestibility in pigs following the dietary inclusion of phytase are accompanied by modifications in intestinal nutrient transporter gene expression","volume":"112","author":"Vigors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000207","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review","volume":"18","author":"Gadde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114576","article-title":"(bio)technological processing of poultry and pig feed: impact on the composition, digestibility, anti-nutritional factors and hygiene","volume":"268","author":"Zentek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030609","article-title":"Friend or foe? 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