{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T04:40:03Z","timestamp":1772080803913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The unique and dynamic features of the feline mandibular angle make open reduction and internal fixation in this region more challenging than in the mandibular body. Visualization of fracture patterns through a fracture map can be a valuable tool for qualitative analysis of fractures in this region. In addition, fracture maps are useful in designing hardware for rigid internal fixation. The primary aim of this study was to identify possible associations between patient demographics, fracture etiologies, and fracture patterns affecting the feline mandibular angle. The secondary aim was to create fracture maps to qualitatively characterize fracture patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nineteen cats with 22 mandibular angle fractures were included in this retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed and statistically analyzed. Fracture maps were created using three-dimensional in silico models derived from computed tomographic images and analyzed based on fracture categories\/features (simple vs. comminuted fractures, fracture etiologies, bilateral fractures, and age).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant associations were found between dependent variables (fracture type, dorsal fracture location\/fracture origin, ventral fracture location\/fracture termination, mandibular foramen involvement, and displacement score) and independent variables (age, sex, and etiology). Fracture maps provided important qualitative information that was not evident from statistical analysis of patient demographics\/fracture characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that in silico evaluation of fracture patterns provides important qualitative information that could not be obtain by traditional fracture characterization. In addition, the unique morphologic features of the feline mandibular angle likely play a significant role in fracture mechanics and fracture patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1555190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T08:06:31Z","timestamp":1742544391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization of feline mandibular angle fractures utilizing in silico model construction and fracture mapping"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tsung-Han","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Soukup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1988.tb01028.x","article-title":"Mandibular fractures in the cat a retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Umphlet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13477541","article-title":"Feline mandibular fractures: a significant surgical challenge","volume":"15","author":"Woodbridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14560095","article-title":"Occlusion and malocclusion in the cat: What\u2019s normal, what\u2019s not and when\u2019s the best time to intervene?","volume":"17","author":"Milella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098612X231152521","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231152521","article-title":"Mandibular fracture repair techniques in cats: a dentist\u2019s perspective","volume":"25","author":"Freeman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/08987564211072332","article-title":"Etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of mandibular fractures in immature dogs treated with non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques","volume":"39","author":"Castej\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01414.x","article-title":"Miniplate fixation for repair of mandibular and maxillary fractures in 15 dogs and 3 cats","volume":"25","author":"Boudrieau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00471.x","article-title":"Dental composite for the fixation of mandibular fractures and Luxations in 11 cats and 6 dogs","volume":"23","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-09-03-0034","article-title":"Treatment of caudal mandibular fracture and temporomandibular joint fracture-luxation using a bi-gnathic encircling and retaining device","volume":"23","author":"Nicholson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0898756416637172","article-title":"Modified labial button technique for maintaining occlusion after caudal mandibular fracture\/temporomandibular joint luxation in the cat","volume":"33","author":"Goodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641503200405","article-title":"Management of temporomandibular joint luxation in a cat using a custom-made tape muzzle","volume":"32","author":"Somrak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Dent"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Orthopedic hardware and equipment for the beginner. 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