{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T06:29:11Z","timestamp":1784615351603,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mushrooms are rich in protein, polysaccharides, and other nutrients as a natural homology of medicine and food species, among which <jats:italic>Agaricus bisporus<\/jats:italic> is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed mushrooms worldwide. The mushroom stipe is a by-product of the mushroom industry that can be utilized as a feed resource based on its rich nutritional value. This study examined the effects of <jats:italic>Agaricus bisporus<\/jats:italic> stipe (ABS) as a feed additive on growth performance, blood indexes, rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestion and utilization, and rumen microbiota of heifers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty Holstein heifers (268\u202f\u00b1\u202f9.43 d of age) were blocked in 10 groups of 2 heifers according to their live weights and ages, and within each group, the 2 heifers were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: control diet (CON), control diet plus ABS (ABS, 150\u202fg\u00b7DM\/animal\/d).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heifers supplemented with ABS had higher average daily gain and a tendency to decrease feed conversion ratio, but rumen fermentation parameters were similar between the two treatments. Heifers in ABS had increased IgG, IgA, IgM, SOD, T-AOC, and GSH-Px concentrations while decreasing MDA concentration than heifers in CON. Although energy and nitrogen utilization were similar between treatments, the apparent total-tract digestibilities of NDF and ADF were higher for ABS than for CON heifers. Feeding ABS increased the relative abundance of one phylum (Verrucomicrobiota), two genera (<jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>), and two species (<jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus murinus<\/jats:italic>) in the rumen of heifers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, heifers receiving ABS have greater growth performance, improved serum immune and antioxidant indexes, increased the relative abundance of some rumen bacteria, and higher nutrient digestion than CON heifers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1556330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T16:34:03Z","timestamp":1742574843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Agaricus bisporus stipe fed to dairy heifers: effects on growth performance, immunity and antioxidant capacity, and rumen microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunguang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hulong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naisheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2015.04.006","article-title":"Nutritional 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