{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T03:47:49Z","timestamp":1793850469018,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial global problem associated with long-term deleterious effects on the well-being of calves and marked financial losses. Prompt diagnosis of BRD, monitoring the success of treatment, and providing an accurate prognosis remain challenging because current methods for stall-side diagnosis are inadequate. To improve diagnosis in addition to clinical and morphological findings and gain insight into the respiratory dynamics of BRD, thoracic electrical impedance tomography (EIT) was used to evaluate calves with BRD (Group D; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f42) and healthy calves (Group H; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f13). Thoracic EIT is a non-invasive method of quantifying differences in impedance changes between various lung regions and impedance changes over time. A belt with 32 equidistantly mounted electrodes was placed around the thorax of non-sedated calves of both groups to measure impedance changes during respiration. The results were compared with the clinical findings and the California BRD scores. Compared with group H, Group D had decreased ventilation in the ventral lung regions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.05); ventilation shifted to the left lung lobes in calves with marked auscultatory changes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.013). In addition, the quartile ventilation ratio on inspiration (V<jats:sub>QRi<\/jats:sub>), used to quantify changes in impedance during inspiration, differed significantly between the two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.0039). Of all the EIT parameters, V<jats:sub>QRi<\/jats:sub> correlated most closely with paO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and the A-a-gradient and was significantly lower in group D than in group H (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.061). The results of EIT revealed differences in the inspiratory dynamics of clinically healthy and ill calves and correlated with the clinical and blood gas findings. Thus, EIT can be used alone or together with other diagnostic tools to identify and monitor BRD in calves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1556943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:38:30Z","timestamp":1746077910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Electrical impedance tomography in calves with bovine respiratory disease: correlations with clinical and blood gas findings"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Bleul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Kluser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Waldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gerspach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00329","article-title":"Antimicrobial use on 36 beef feedlots in Western Canada: 2008-2012","volume":"6","author":"Brault","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/s1466252320000250","article-title":"Economics of respiratory disease in dairy replacement heifers","volume":"21","author":"Overton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040627","article-title":"Strategies for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) diagnosis and prognosis: a comprehensive overview","volume":"14","author":"Kamel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72526-7","article-title":"Mortality in Swedish dairy calves and replacement heifers","volume":"89","author":"Svensson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.7.234","article-title":"Transition from maternal to endogenous antibodies in newborn calves","volume":"160","author":"Hassig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1095","article-title":"The epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease: what is the evidence for predisposing factors?","volume":"51","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2020.03.004","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease diagnosis: what Progress has been made in clinical diagnosis?","volume":"36","author":"Buczinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19471","article-title":"Scoping review on clinical definition of bovine respiratory disease complex and related clinical signs in dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Ferraro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4699","article-title":"Prevalence of respiratory disorders in veal calves and potential risk factors","volume":"95","author":"Brscic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/s1090-0233(03)00110-2","article-title":"Diagnostic ultrasonography in cattle with thoracic disease","volume":"167","author":"Fl\u00f6ck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1624083","article-title":"Therapeutischer Effekt einer inhalation mit hypertoner Kochsalzl\u00f6sung bei K\u00e4lbern mit Bronchopneumonie [the therapeutic effect of inhalation of hypertonic saline solution in calves with bronchopneumonia]","volume":"33","author":"Lawnick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-9-10","article-title":"Evaluation of pulmonary dysfunctions and acid\u2013base imbalances induced by Chlamydia psittaci in a bovine model of respiratory infection","volume":"9","author":"Ostermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104683","article-title":"Evaluation of a respiration rate sensor for recording tidal volume in calves under field conditions","volume":"23","author":"Di\u00dfmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.04.007","article-title":"Effects of doxapram, prethcamide and lobeline on spirometric, blood gas and acid-base variables in healthy new-born calves","volume":"194","author":"Bleul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(98)90158-8","article-title":"Validation of impulse oscillometry in Friesian and blue Belgian calves with respect to changes in extrathoracic upper airway resistance","volume":"65","author":"Reinhold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-021-00651-x","article-title":"Effects of PEEP on the relationship between tidal volume and total impedance change measured via electrical impedance tomography (EIT)","volume":"36","author":"Brabant","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.946911","article-title":"Thoracic electrical impedance tomography\u2014the 2022 veterinary consensus statement [review]","volume":"9","author":"Brabant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16260","article-title":"Exercise-induced airflow changes in horses with asthma measured by electrical impedance tomography","volume":"35","author":"Herteman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00359.2020","article-title":"What hinders pulmonary gas exchange and changes distribution of ventilation in immobilized white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) in lateral recumbency?","volume":"129","author":"Mosing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1202931","article-title":"Electrical impedance tomography in anaesthetised chickens (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113216","article-title":"Assessment of postnatal pulmonary adaption in bovine neonates using electric impedance tomography (EIT)","volume":"11","author":"Bleul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1275013","article-title":"Thoracic electrical impedance tomography identifies heterogeneity in lungs associated with respiratory disease in cattle. A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Brabant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.10.003","article-title":"Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers","volume":"24","author":"McGuirk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252314000267","article-title":"Timely diagnosis of dairy calf respiratory disease using a standardized scoring system","volume":"15","author":"McGuirk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Die klinsche Untersuchung des Rindes","author":"Rosenberger","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"170","article-title":"Lung sounds in cattle, horses, sheep and goats","volume":"27","author":"Curtis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"35","article-title":"Umsichtiger Einsatz von Antibiotika bei Rindern, Schweinen, kleinen Wiederk\u00e4uern und Neuweltkameliden","author":"Vetsuisse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Therapieleitfaden f\u00fcr Tier\u00e4rztinnen und Tier\u00e4rzte"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"331","article-title":"The effect of arterial blood sampling sites on blood gases and acid-base balance parameters in calves","volume":"49","author":"Nagy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Atmen- Atemhilfen: Atemphysiologie und Beatmungstechnik","author":"Oczenski","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.11.001","article-title":"Comparison of three continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) interfaces in healthy beagle dogs during medetomidine-propofol constant rate infusions","volume":"45","author":"Meira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318256ee08","article-title":"Spontaneous breathing during general anesthesia prevents the ventral redistribution of ventilation as detected by electrical impedance tomography: a randomized trial","volume":"116","author":"Radke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050673","article-title":"Electrical impedance tomography in monitoring experimental lung injury","volume":"24","author":"Frerichs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"EIT analysis details: Lung stretch and silent spaces analysis","author":"Waldmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-51788-4_12","article-title":"Bovine respiratory disease","volume-title":"Production diseases in farm animals: Pathophysiology, prophylaxis and health management","author":"Kaske","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"31","article-title":"Prescriptions of antibiotics for animals in Switzerland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Federal Food Safety Vet Office"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12251","article-title":"Comparison of thoracic auscultation, clinical score, and ultrasonography as indicators of bovine respiratory disease in Preweaned dairy calves","volume":"28","author":"Buczinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2010.04.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Panciera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858221146096","article-title":"Bronchopneumonia with interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: epidemiologic characteristics of affected animals","volume":"60","author":"Haydock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.07.004","article-title":"Laboratory and postmortem diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease","volume":"28","author":"Caswell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"24","article-title":"Zusammenhang der globalen respiratorischen Compliance und regionaler Verteilung der Ventilation w\u00e4hrend einer individuellen deszendierenden PEEP-Titration","author":"Grusnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"L\u00fcbeck: Universit\u00e4t zu L\u00fcbeck, Klinik f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12998","article-title":"Monitoring of tidal ventilation by electrical impedance tomography in anaesthetised horses","volume":"51","author":"Mosing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208357","article-title":"Chest electrical impedance tomography examination, data analysis, terminology, clinical use and recommendations: consensus statement of the translational EIT development study group","volume":"72","author":"Frerichs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref43","author":"Wendler","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(92)90064-8","article-title":"Pulmonary function changes and clinical findings associated with chronic respiratory disease in calves","volume":"148","author":"Collie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"205","article-title":"Relationship of the extent of pulmonary lesions to the partial pressure of oxygen and the lactate concentration in arterial blood in calves experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"77","author":"Ellis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17039","article-title":"Blood gases, acid-base, and metabolic alterations in calves with bronchopneumonia diagnosed via clinical signs and thoracic ultrasonography: a cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Boccardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.3.359","article-title":"Serial evaluation of physiologic, pathological, and behavioral changes related to disease progression of experimentally induced Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia in postweaned calves","volume":"71","author":"Hanzlicek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"Pulmonary function in healthy, exercising and diseased animals","author":"Lekeux","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2147\/OAAP.S60976","article-title":"Age-related changes in arterial blood-gas variables in Holstein calves at moderate altitude","volume":"6","author":"Neary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Access Anim Physiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020329","article-title":"Literature review of the principal diagnostic tests to detect bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy and veal calves","volume":"14","author":"Berman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref51","author":"van B\u00f6mmel","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref52","author":"Reinhold","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"555","article-title":"The anatomy and physiology of the bovine respiratory system relating to pulmonary disease","volume":"68","author":"Veit","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Arterial and venous blood gases: indications, interpretations, and clinical applications","volume":"31","author":"Irizarry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.12968\/live.2017.22.1.6","article-title":"Clinical forum: bovine respiratory disease","volume":"22","author":"Potter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livestock"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.11.006","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of clinical illness for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) diagnosis in beef cattle placed in feedlots: a systematic literature review and hierarchical Bayesian latent-class meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Timsit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105153","article-title":"Comparison between thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography for the detection of thoracic lesions in dairy calves using a two-stage Bayesian method","volume":"184","author":"Berman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1556943\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T05:38:34Z","timestamp":1746077914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1556943\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1556943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1556943","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"article-number":"1556943"}}