{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:00:05Z","timestamp":1793458805949,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cysticercosis is a neglected zoonosis caused by <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic>, which involves pigs as intermediate hosts, leading to pig cysticercosis (PCC). Humans are the only definitive hosts, harbouring the mature tapeworm in the small intestines, but they can also act as intermediate hosts upon accidental ingestion of eggs, resulting in human cysticercosis (HCC), called neurocysticercosis (NCC) when the cysts lodge in the central nervous system. Diagnosis of HCC\/NCC in humans is based on imaging technologies and serology. The gold standard method for PCC diagnosis is the full carcass dissection and recovery of cysts. However, tongue palpation and meat inspection are the most widely used methods in endemic countries. These methods are specific at the genus level but cannot distinguish mixed infection from other taeniids and are not sufficiently sensitive in pigs with low infection. Available serological tests for human and pig infection are based on parasite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG). Still, most tests are either cross-reactive with other taeniids or not sensitive enough for single or inactive cysts, particularly for NCC patients. Here, we compare various serological techniques for PCC and NCC published since 2000 and discuss the benefit of IgE-based serodiagnosis as a potential alternative to traditional serology. Considering the diagnostic limitations described above and the need to identify endemic areas to prevent transmission between humans and pigs and monitor control efforts, the development of more sensitive and specific serological tests, followed by a field-applicable point-of-care (POC) test for cysticercosis, is of the utmost importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1558555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T04:10:24Z","timestamp":1752552624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Serological diagnosis of cysticercosis in humans and pigs: status, limitations, and prospects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Md. Shahadat","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafqat","family":"Shabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Ngwili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lian F.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco H.","family":"Falcone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Global report on neglected tropical diseases 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"265","volume-title":"WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases: foodborne diseases burden epidemiology reference group 2007\u20132015","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2011.483","article-title":"Solitary intramuscular cysticercosis-a report of two cases","volume":"4","author":"Ramraje","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australas Med J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01336-8","article-title":"Taenia solium disease in humans and pigs: an ancient parasitosis disease rooted in developing countries and emerging as a major health problem of global dimensions","volume":"2","author":"Sciutto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-005-0954-3","article-title":"MRI and ultrasound in solitary muscular and soft tissue cysticercosis","volume":"34","author":"Jankharia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14117-7","article-title":"Taenia solium cysticercosis","volume":"362","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(97)80108-2","article-title":"Case report: massive cardiopulmonary cysticercosis in a leukemic patient","volume":"193","author":"Mauad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200104000-00007","article-title":"Subretinal cysticercosis","volume":"78","author":"Lombardo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00424-18","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium)","volume":"56","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e870","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000870","article-title":"A systematic review of the frequency of neurocyticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Ndimubanzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.11.005","article-title":"Reciprocal contribution of clinical studies and the HP10 antigen ELISA for the diagnosis of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis","volume":"178","author":"Parkhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.107243","article-title":"Detection of HP10 antigen in serum for diagnosis and follow-up of subarachnoidal and intraventricular human neurocysticercosis","volume":"78","author":"Fleury","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.31480\/2330-4871\/154","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: a rare cause of headache needing craniotomy","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Perioper Pain Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05989-6","article-title":"Insights into the diagnosis, vaccines, and control of Taenia solium, a zoonotic, neglected parasite","volume":"16","author":"Hossain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.611166","article-title":"Demand for Taenia solium cysticercosis vaccine: lessons and insights from the pig production and trading nodes of the Uganda pig value chain","volume":"8","author":"Ouma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32831-5","article-title":"Cross-protection between the cysts of Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T ovis in lambs","volume":"27","author":"Heath","year":"1979","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.06.005","article-title":"Does interspecific competition have a moderating effect on Taenia solium transmission dynamics in Southeast Asia?","volume":"25","author":"Conlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0106","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of Taenia solium in a multiple taeniid-endemic region reveals competition may be protective","volume":"87","author":"Conlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2019.100306","article-title":"A comparison of Taenia solium and Taenia hydatigena infection in pigs using serological diagnosis and post-mortem inspection methods in Benou\u00e9 division, North Cameroon","volume":"17","author":"Assana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.034","article-title":"A systematic review on the global occurrence of Taenia hydatigena in pigs and cattle","volume":"226","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNS.2016.11.045","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis","volume":"372","author":"Del Brutto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkThoracJ.2021.0027","article-title":"Isolated pulmonary cysticercosis presenting as mass lesion","volume":"22","author":"Mrigpuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk Thorac J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.73532","article-title":"Disseminated cysticercosis with pulmonary and cardiac involvement","volume":"20","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imag"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/43104295","article-title":"Pulmonary and cardiac cysticercosis: helical CT findings","volume":"80","author":"Bastos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"25","article-title":"Taenia solium ocular cysticercosis: findings in 30 cases","volume":"24","author":"Cardenas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.12.008","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis of Taenia solium taeniosis\/cysticercosis","volume":"26","author":"Deckers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.10.022","article-title":"Taenia hydatigena in pigs in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional abattoir study","volume":"230","author":"Dermauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2019.100299","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of meat inspection in the detection of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs slaughtered at two abattoirs in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Sithole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2003.11.014","article-title":"A Bayesian approach for estimating values for prevalence and diagnostic test characteristics of porcine cysticercosis","volume":"34","author":"Dorny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005314","article-title":"Assessment of routine inspection methods for porcine cysticercosis in Zambian village pigs","volume":"80","author":"Phiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/PIM.12291","article-title":"Monitoring the outcomes of interventions against Taenia solium: options and suggestions","volume":"38","author":"Lightowlers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0697","article-title":"Performance of a Sandwich antigen-detection ELISA for the diagnosis of porcine Taenia solium Cysticercosis","volume":"100","author":"Bustos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(03)80019-6","article-title":"Detection of secreted cysticercal antigen: a useful tool in the diagnosis of inflammatory neurocysticercosis","volume":"97","author":"Fleury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Utility of specific IgG4 response in saliva and serum samples for the diagnosis and follow up of human neurocysticercosis","volume":"7","author":"Malla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.379","article-title":"Urine antigen detection for the diagnosis of human Neurocysticercosis","volume":"80","author":"Castillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.86932","article-title":"Cysticercus cellulosae antigens in the serodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis","volume":"1","author":"Parija","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652000000200003","article-title":"ELISA test for the diagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs using antigens of Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps cysticerci","volume":"42","author":"Pinto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/INFDIS\/159.1.50","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay and glycoprotein antigens for diagnosing human cysticercosis (Taenia solium)","volume":"159","author":"Tsang","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762006000100004","article-title":"Taeniosis-cysticercosis complex in individuals of a peasants' settlement (Teodoro Sampaio, Pontal of Paranapanema, SP, Brazil)","volume":"101","author":"Prestes-Carneiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00673.x","article-title":"Specific detection of circulating surface\/secreted glycoproteins of viable cysticerci in Taenia saginata cysticercosis","volume":"11","author":"Harrison","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(99)00196-x","article-title":"Sero-epidemiological study of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Belgian cattle","volume":"88","author":"Dorny","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Landscape analysis: Control of Taenia solium","author":"Thomas","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpara.2024.1394089","article-title":"From laboratory to clinical practice: an update of the immunological and molecular tools for neurocysticercosis diagnosis","volume":"3","author":"Toribio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Parasitol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2945-y","article-title":"The epidemiology of porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis in communities of the central highlands in Vietnam","volume":"11","author":"Ng-Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03260-13","article-title":"Recombinant protein-and synthetic peptide-based immunoblot test for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis","volume":"52","author":"Noh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010606","article-title":"The burden of T. solium cysticercosis and selected neuropsychiatric disorders in Mocuba district, Zamb\u00e9zia province, Mozambique","volume":"16","author":"Langa","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"169","article-title":"WHO Taenia solium endemicity map \u2013 2022 update","volume":"97","author":"Donadeu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2023.e00211","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an immunochromatography-based point-of-care test kit for a rapid diagnosis of human cysticercosis","volume":"33","author":"Sadaow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Waterb Parasitol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.001231010","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid lateral flow assay for the detection of taeniosis and cysticercosis at district hospital level in Tanzania: A prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study","author":"Van Damme","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112121","article-title":"Evaluation of an antibody detecting point of care test for diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in a Zambian rural community: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"11","author":"Mubanga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00378-X","article-title":"Evaluation of a point-of-care test for the diagnosis of Taenia solium neurocysticercosis in rural southern Tanzania: a diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"24","author":"Stelzle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102893","article-title":"The performance of a point-of-care test for the diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis in a resource-poor community setting in Zambia\u2014a diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"77","author":"Zulu","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091528","article-title":"Trial design of a prospective multicenter diagnostic accuracy study of a point-of-care test for the detection of Taenia solium taeniosis and neurocysticercosis in hospital-based settings in Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Trevisan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXPPARA.2016.10.016","article-title":"A lateral flow assay (LFA) for the rapid detection of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis using cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"171","author":"Fleury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0598","article-title":"A rapid point-of-care assay for Cysticercosis antigen detection in urine samples","volume":"108","author":"Toribio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20150012","article-title":"Lateral flow assays","volume":"60","author":"Koczula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00383-7","article-title":"Evaluation of tongue inspection and serology for diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine: usefulness of ELISA using purified glycoproteins and recombinant antigen","volume":"111","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(00)00355-1","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of an indirect ELISA test for diagnosis of swine cysticercosis employing antigen from Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps metacestodes","volume":"93","author":"Nunes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-4017(02)00035-3","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of swine cysticercosis in two rural communities of West-Cameroon","volume":"106","author":"Pouedet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.194","article-title":"Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Peru","volume":"43","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.004","article-title":"Validity of the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) for naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis","volume":"199","author":"Jayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0378","article-title":"Porcine Cysticercosis: possible cross-reactivity of Taenia hydatigena to GP50 antigen in the enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer blot assay","volume":"97","author":"Muro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3279-5","article-title":"Evaluation of cross-reactivity to Taenia hydatigena and Echinococcus granulosus in the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis","volume":"12","author":"Gomez-Puerta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3816-x","article-title":"Further evaluation of recombinant Tsol-p 27 by enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot for the serodiagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs from Mozambique","volume":"12","author":"Nhancupe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.03.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine from a community-based study in 21 villages of the eastern Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"154","author":"Krecek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref69","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04416-4","article-title":"Performance of ag-ELISA in the diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"Kabululu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762472","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.762472","article-title":"Rapid detection of Cysticercus cellulosae by an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral-flow assay","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4891-5","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of lesion load and efficacy of 3 cycles of albendazole in disseminated cysticercosis: a prospective evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.06.016","article-title":"Isolated intramuscular cysticercosis: Clinicopathological features, diagnosis and management\u2014a review","volume":"7","author":"Meena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(86)90094-4","article-title":"Host-parasite relationship in cysticercosis: immunologic study in different compartments of the host","volume":"20","author":"Flisser","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e259978","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2024-259978","article-title":"Intramuscular cysticercosis of the forearm mimicking a soft tissue tumour","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v18i2.13187","article-title":"Seropositivity to Cysticercosis in school-age children living in a low-income municipality in the Midwest region of Brazil","volume":"18","author":"Moraes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.03.004","article-title":"Tear IgA-ELISA: a novel and sensitive method for diagnosis of ophthalmic cysticercosis","volume":"106","author":"Sahu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/CID\/CIX774","article-title":"Antibody banding patterns of the enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer blot and brain imaging findings in patients with Neurocysticercosis","volume":"66","author":"Arroyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2000000100003","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: detection of IgG, IgA and IgE antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid, serum and saliva samples by ELISA with Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps antigens","volume":"58","author":"Bueno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.6.1140-1144.2001","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis by using antigens from vesicular fluid of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci","volume":"8","author":"Bueno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0695-3","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and immunoblot for diagnosing neurocysticercosis","volume":"21","author":"Gekeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01480.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps cysticercal antigens for the serodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis","volume":"10","author":"Arruda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0578-8","article-title":"Application of Taenia saginata metacestodes as an alternative antigen for the serological diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis","volume":"101","author":"Oliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.01.002","article-title":"Evaluation of an IgG-ELISA strategy using Taenia solium metacestode somatic and excretory-secretory antigens for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis revealing biological stage of the larvae","volume":"110","author":"Sahu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.02.010","article-title":"Feasibility of baculovirus-expressed recombinant 10-kDa antigen in the serodiagnosis of Taenia solium neurocysticercosis","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0079","article-title":"Serologic diagnosis of human Taenia solium cysticercosis by using recombinant and synthetic antigens in quick ELISA\u2122","volume":"84","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2160-2","article-title":"Comparison of T24H-his, GST-T24H and GST-Ts8B2 recombinant antigens in western blot, ELISA and multiplex bead-based assay for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis","volume":"10","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.011","article-title":"Serodiagnostic reliability of single-step enriched low-molecular weight proteins of Taenia solium metacestode of American and Asian isolates","volume":"104","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DIAGMICROBIO.2011.09.014","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance of 5 commercialized enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Taenia solium antibodies and for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis","volume":"72","author":"Carod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1093\/CID\/CIX1084","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis: 2017 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)","volume":"66","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.5.1007","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the cysticercosis enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot in patients with neurocysticercosis","volume":"164","author":"Wilson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03037.x","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: is serology useful in the absence of brain imaging?","volume":"17","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00339-09","article-title":"Multiantigen print immunoassay for comparison of diagnostic antigens for Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis","volume":"17","author":"Handali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00760","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00760-23","article-title":"Multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: a single-center diagnostic optimization and accuracy study in Lima, Peru","volume":"61","author":"Toribio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2907.230364","article-title":"Triplex ELISA for assessing durability of Taenia solium Seropositivity after Neurocysticercosis cure","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90228-1","article-title":"Serum antigen detection in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of neurocysticercosis patients","volume":"94","author":"Garcia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1086\/597757","article-title":"Detection of Taenia solium antigens and anti-T. solium antibodies in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with intraparenchymal or extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis","volume":"199","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90340-4","article-title":"Human neurocysticercosis: comparison of enzyme immunoassay capture techniques based on monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for the detection of parasite products in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"83","author":"Correa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0001851","article-title":"Added value of antigen ELISA in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis in resource poor settings","volume":"6","author":"Gabri\u00ebl","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXPPARA.2016.03.025","article-title":"Anti-Taenia solium monoclonal antibodies for the detection of parasite antigens in body fluids from patients with neurocysticercosis","volume":"166","author":"Paredes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040566","article-title":"Consistent measurement of parasite-specific antigen levels in sera of patients with Neurocysticercosis using two different monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays","volume":"12","author":"Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00511-09","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a magnetic immunochromatographic test to detect Taenia solium, which causes taeniasis and neurocysticercosis in humans","volume":"17","author":"Handali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vacc Immunol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2013.09.005","article-title":"Development of specific sc Fv antibodies to detect neurocysticercosis antigens and potential applications in immunodiagnosis","volume":"156","author":"Da Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0010442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010442","article-title":"A recombinant monoclonal-based Taenia antigen assay that reflects disease activity in extra-parenchymal neurocysticercosis","volume":"16","author":"Corda","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007746","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007746","article-title":"Feasibility of a point-of-care test based on quantum dots with a mobile phone reader for detection of antibody responses","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2747-z","article-title":"Evaluation of an immunodot blot technique for the detection of antibodies against Taenia solium larval antigens","volume":"110","author":"Salazar-Anton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.09.006","article-title":"Further characterization of Tsol-p 27 as a diagnostic antigen in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"135","author":"Nhancupe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref108","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.03.013","article-title":"Oxfendazole as successful treatment of Taenia hydatigena metacestodes in naturally infected pigs","volume":"5","author":"Gomez-Puerta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000863","article-title":"Occurrence of Taenia species in pigs in slaughterhouses in Phu Tho province, northern Vietnam","volume":"94","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-45","article-title":"Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Taenia asiatica: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Ale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"177","article-title":"Serological studies using ELISA and EITB in patients with solitary cysticercus granuloma and seizures","volume":"2","author":"Rajshekhar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurol Infect Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e 2692","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0002692","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis as a cause of epilepsy and seizures in two community-based studies in a cysticercosis-endemic region in Peru","volume":"8","author":"Moyano","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14570","article-title":"The evolution of IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity and its immunological value","volume":"76","author":"Pritchard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.931","article-title":"The high-affinity IgE receptor (fc epsilon RI): from physiology to pathology","volume":"17","author":"Kinet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2273","article-title":"IgE in allergy and asthma today","volume":"8","author":"Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(03)00206-5","article-title":"TH2 profile in asymptomatic Taenia solium human neurocysticercosis","volume":"5","author":"Chavarr\u00eda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"27","article-title":"Human cysticercosis: antigens, antibodies and non-responders","volume":"39","author":"Flisser","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.24.4.536-541.1986","article-title":"Characterization by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the humoral immune response in patients with neurocysticercosis and its application in immunodiagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Espinoza","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid IgE and the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis","volume":"46","author":"Goldberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull Los Angel Neurol Soc"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003124","article-title":"Use of humanised rat basophilic leukaemia cell line RS-ATL8 for the assessment of allergenicity of Schistosoma mansoni proteins","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07352-z","article-title":"Are humanized IgE reporter systems potential game changers in serological diagnosis of human parasitic infection?","volume":"121","author":"Prakash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.07.039","article-title":"Antigen-driven basophil activation is indicative of early Necator americanus infection in IgE-seronegative patients","volume":"124","author":"Falcone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:26:1:61","article-title":"The innate allergenicity of helminth parasites","volume":"26","author":"Falcone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1102581","article-title":"IgE antibodies in toxoplasmosis","volume":"68","author":"Matowicka-Karna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online)"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060985","article-title":"Strongyloides-specific IgE phage cDNA clones and development of a novel ELISA for strongyloidiasis","volume":"11","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000167","article-title":"Pig-farming systems and porcine cysticercosis in the north of Cameroon","volume":"84","author":"Assana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.05.002","article-title":"Comparison of ELISA and PCR assays for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis","volume":"173","author":"Ramahefarisoa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref129","first-page":"160","article-title":"Development and evaluation of flow through assay for detection of antibodies against porcine cysticercosis","volume":"28","author":"Sreedevi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380201700604","article-title":"Evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay for diagnosis of neurocysticercosis in children","volume":"17","author":"Aguilar-Rebolledo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0541","article-title":"Evaluating the recombinant T24H enzyme-linked Immunoelectrotransfer blot assay for the diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis in a panel of samples from a large community-based randomized control trial in 60 villages in Burkina Faso","volume":"98","author":"Dermauw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106294","article-title":"Evaluation of recombinant glutathione transferase 26 kDa, thioredoxin-1, and endophilin B1 of Taenia solium in the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis","volume":"227","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.09.033","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cprevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine from a community-based study in 21 villages of the eastern Cape Province, South Africa\u201d","volume":"183","author":"Krecek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X18000603","article-title":"Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot for diagnosis of cysticercosis in swine from North India","volume":"93","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-3156.2003.01000.X","article-title":"A seroepidemiological study of human cysticercosis in West Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Nguekam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2520-y","article-title":"Re-visiting the detection of porcine cysticercosis based on full carcass dissections of naturally Taenia solium infected pigs","volume":"10","author":"Chembensofu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1558555\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T04:10:26Z","timestamp":1752552626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1558555\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"references-count":136,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1558555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1558555","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"article-number":"1558555"}}