{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:18:39Z","timestamp":1787674719002,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Erigeron breviscapus<\/jats:italic> exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, protects neuronal cells and enhances immune function. Modern traditional Chinese medicine fermentation techniques can increase the bioactive compound content in <jats:italic>Erigeron breviscapus<\/jats:italic>. However, its potential therapeutic effects against the porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A PRV infection model was established in mouse trigeminal ganglion (TG) cells to determine the optimal antiviral mode of action of flavonoids from fermented <jats:italic>Erigeron breviscapus<\/jats:italic> (FEBF). Additionally, a PRV-infected rat model was developed to evaluate the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> antiviral efficacy of FEBF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>FEBF demonstrated a higher protective rate and a lower viral copy number compared to unfermented <jats:italic>E. breviscapus<\/jats:italic> flavonoids (EBF). The protective effect was most pronounced under toxicological and inhibitory conditions, surpassing the blocking effect. PRV infection upregulated TLR4, MyD88, and NF-\u03baB p65 protein expression during the pre-infection phase, followed by their downregulation after 12\u202fh. FEBF regulated PRV-induced changes in protein expression, restoring them to near-normal levels by 36\u202fh. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> assessments of pathological injury, PRV viral load, neuronal count, and neuronal apoptosis indicated that FEBF provided superior neuroprotection compared to both Minocycline (MINO), a broad-spectrum neuroprotective drug, and unfermented <jats:italic>EBF.<\/jats:italic> Mechanistic studies further revealed that FEBF modulated microglial polarization and regulated the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL-4, and IL-10.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings demonstrate that FEBF exhibits significant antiviral effects against PRV in both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> models. FEBF represents a promising candidate for the development of anti-PRV therapeutics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T12:58:41Z","timestamp":1744808321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fermented Erigeron breviscapus flavonoids: anti-pseudorabies virus efficacy and mechanisms in vitro and in 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