{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:56:45Z","timestamp":1789801005036,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In temperate regions, boars experience environmental heat stress due to the subtropical climate, leading to their semen quality and fertility being severely compromised compared to indigenous breeds. Considering the above effect, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of season on semen quality, seminal plasma antioxidant status, and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> fertility of crossbred boars of exotic (50%) and indigenous inheritance in a subtropical climate. A total of 14 Hampshire\u2013Ghungroo crossbred boars were used for this investigation, which took place in both summer and winter. Sperm characteristics, namely motility, viability, abnormality, acrosomal integrity, and the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) results, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated. Sperm kinematics parameters were assessed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Antioxidant biomarkers (glutathione peroxidase, GPx; catalase, CAT; and total antioxidant capacity, TAC) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) were analyzed in boars\u2019 seminal plasma. The summer season had a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) negative impact on reaction time and false mounts, whereas semen volume and sperm concentration were significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) higher in the winter season. Similarly, sperm abnormalities were significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) lower in the winter season. In the winter, sperm quality parameters, namely total motility, progressive motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, and HOST reactivity, were significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) improved. However, during the summer, sperm MMP was significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) lower in fresh samples and after 72\u202fh of storage. Season had a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) effect on the following sperm kinematics parameters: average path velocity, straight-line velocity, curve linear velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency. Semen characteristics were significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) improved in winter after 72\u202fh of cold storage compared with those in summer. The summer season had a significant effect (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) on seminal plasma antioxidant biomarkers (TAC, MDA, CAT, and GPx). Furthermore, the farrowing rate was significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) higher in the winter season. In conclusion, our results showed that the low MMP of boar sperm and the downregulation of seminal plasma antioxidant biomarkers in summer lead to poor semen quality and poor fertility in Hampshire\u2013Ghungroo crossbred boars in a subtropical climate. To alleviate the heat-stress-induced poor sperm fertility in boars and to optimize the fertility of boars during summer in subtropics, there is a need for scientific interventions in terms of genetics [less exotic inheritance (below 50%)], nutrition, and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T14:16:16Z","timestamp":1744899376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Alteration in sperm mitochondrial membrane potential and antioxidant biomarkers in summer adversely affects Hampshire-Ghungroo crossbred boar semen fertility in sub-tropical climate"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mahak","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apanai","family":"Celina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Katiyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourabh","family":"Deori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwani","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinay","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. D.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. S.","family":"Rajoriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kalita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. K.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"Vermeer","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15267","article-title":"Physiological consequences of heat stress in pigs","volume":"55","author":"Ross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Product. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-018-01655-0","article-title":"Impacts of global warming on confined livestock systems for growing-fattening pigs: simulation of heat stress for 1981 to 2017 in Central Europe","volume":"63","author":"Mikovits","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.03.009","article-title":"Effect of natural betaine on estimates of semen quality in mature AI boars during summer heat stress","volume":"170","author":"Cabez\u00f3na","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.08.034","article-title":"Amelioration of heat stress-induced damage to testes and sperm quality","volume":"158","author":"Shahat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.10.023","article-title":"Dietary flaxseed oil improve boar semen quality, antioxidant status and in-vivo fertility in humid sub-tropical region of north East India","volume":"159","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.02.035","article-title":"Age and seasonal-dependent variations in the biochemical composition of boar semen","volume":"86","author":"Fraser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2002.500","article-title":"Effect of season influencing semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and testosterone concentration in Duroc boars","volume":"15","author":"Cheon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian-Australian J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Factors affecting boar reproduction, testis function, and sperm quality. In boar reproduction: Fundamentals and new biotechnological trends","author":"Pinart","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14249","article-title":"Linseed oil in boar\u2019s diet improved in vivo fertility and antioxidant status","volume":"58","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.06.012","article-title":"Linseed oil in boar\u2019s diet during high temperature humidity index (THI) period improves sperm quality characteristics, antioxidant status and fatty acid composition of sperm under hot humid sub-tropical climate","volume":"189","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.06.027","article-title":"The effect of photoperiod on selected parameters of boar semen","volume":"157","author":"Knecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.04.001","article-title":"Acrosin activity is a suitable indicator of boar semen preservation at 17\u00b0 C when increasing environmental temperature and radiation","volume":"80","author":"Pinart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.106227","article-title":"Effect of boar semen supplementation with recombinant heat shock proteins during summer","volume":"211","author":"Gallardo-Soler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2020.106513","article-title":"Boar spermatozoa proteomic profile varies in sperm collected during the summer and winter","volume":"219","author":"Mart\u00edn-Hidalgo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1165-4","article-title":"Heat stress response of male germ cells","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12668","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12668","article-title":"Effects of long-term heat stress and dietary restriction on the expression of genes of steroidogenic pathway and small heat-shock proteins in rat testicular tissue","volume":"49","author":"Bozkaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"233","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on endocrine functions &behaviour in the pre-pubertal rat","volume":"135","author":"Mete","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2011001300005","article-title":"Cysteine addition on short-term cooled boar s\u00eamen preservation and its relationship with swine field fertility","volume":"31","author":"Severo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pesquisa Veterin\u00e1ria Brasileira"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12024","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids affect semen quality: a review","volume":"3","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4067\/S0719-81322018000100106","article-title":"Effect of climate and insemination technique on reproductive performance of gilts and sows in a subtropical zone of Mexico","volume":"50","author":"Mellado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Austral J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2015.08.012","article-title":"Effects of dietary n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio and vitamin E on semen quality, fatty acid composition and antioxidant status in boars","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1944.34360x","article-title":"A comparative study of epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa of boar","volume":"3","author":"Lasley","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"117","article-title":"Breeding soundness examination of the boar","volume":"7","author":"Shipley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Swine Health Product"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.97.1.12","article-title":"Use of Giemsa stain to detect changes in the acrosome of frozen ram spermatozoa","volume":"97","author":"Watson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.19026","article-title":"Seasonal changes in semen characteristics, composition of seminal plasma and frequency of acrosome reaction induced by calcium and calcium ionophore A23187 in large white boars","volume":"53","author":"Murase","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Reprod Dev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003147","article-title":"Dietary L-arginine supplementation improves semen quality and libido of boars under high ambient temperature","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-017-0062-5","article-title":"Boar management and semen handling factors affect the quality of boar extended semen","volume":"3","author":"Lopez Rodriguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.06.010","article-title":"Influence of age, breed, and season on the quality of boar semen stored at low-temperature","volume":"208","author":"Britta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theiogenology"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"49","article-title":"The quality of boar semen of polish large white, polish landrace, Duroc and Pietrain breeds in different months of the year","volume":"9","author":"Wilczy\u0144ska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Ann Polish Society Anim Reproduct"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01117.x","article-title":"Evaluations of boar gonad development, spermatogenesis with regard to semen characteristics, libido and serum testosterone levels based on large white Duroc x Chinese Erhualian crossbred boars","volume":"44","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.09.039","article-title":"Management and sperm production of boars under differing environmental conditions","volume":"63","author":"Kunavongkrita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.01.015","article-title":"Individual and seasonal variations in the quality of fractionated boar ejaculates","volume":"83","author":"Zasiadczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2023.107297","article-title":"Analysis of changes in the morphological structures of sperm during preservation of liquid boar semen in two different seasons of the year","volume":"256","author":"Wysokinska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12951","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12951","article-title":"Effects of season on boar semen parameters and antioxidant enzymes in the south subtropical region in Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Argenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00718","article-title":"Heat stress reduces sperm motility via activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b1 and inhibition of mitochondrial protein import","volume":"8","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2014.971446","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, heat stress and oxidative-induced mitochondrial damage. A review","volume":"30","author":"Slimen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17931","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18123-1","article-title":"Single-cell-based evaluation of sperm progressive motility via fluorescent assessment of mitochondria membrane potential","volume":"7","author":"Moscatelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.10.013","article-title":"Diet supplemented with L-carnitine improves the sperm quality of Pi\u00e9train but not of Duroc and large white boars when photoperiod and temperature increase","volume":"73","author":"Yeste","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.01.003","article-title":"Semen quality of postpubertal boars during increasing and decreasing natural photoperiods","volume":"62","author":"Sancho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"677","article-title":"Effect of seasonal factors on the ejaculate properties of crossbred Duroc x Pietrain and Pietrain x Duroc boars as well as purebred Duroc and Pietrain boars","volume":"53","author":"Wysokinska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v44i1.1","article-title":"The influence of boar breed and season on semen parameters","volume":"44","author":"Knecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"South African J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22841","article-title":"Scrotal insulation and sperm production in the boar","volume":"84","author":"Parrish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(96)01498-4","article-title":"Influence of season, age, breed and some other factors on the variation in sperm morphological abnormalities in Swedish dairy a.I. Bulls","volume":"44","author":"Soderquist","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2003.08.006","article-title":"The effect of season on the properties of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) semen","volume":"80","author":"Kozdrowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-007-9177-y","article-title":"Mammalian sperm chromatin structure and assessment of DNA fragmentation","volume":"24","author":"Andrabi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.12.034","article-title":"Major morphological sperm abnormalities in the bull are related to sperm DNA damage","volume":"76","author":"Enciso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2006012","article-title":"Difference in skin characteristics in European (large white) and Caribbean (creole) growing pigs with reference to thermoregulation","volume":"55","author":"Renaudeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.01.002","article-title":"Review of wallowing in pigs: description of the behaviour and its motivational basis","volume":"132","author":"Bracke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429244216-17","volume-title":"Spermatogenesis, heat stress and male infertility. Molecular signaling in spermatogenesis and male infertility. Molecular signaling in spermatogenesis and male infertility","author":"Parrish","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2021.106840","article-title":"Factors affecting the production of quality ejaculates from boars","volume":"246","author":"Flowers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.005","article-title":"Genetic sperm defects","volume":"64","author":"Chenoweth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.052","article-title":"Differences in boar sperm head shape and dimensions recorded by computer-assisted sperm morphometry are not related to chromatin integrity","volume":"68","author":"Saravia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100720","article-title":"Animal board invited review: an update on the methods for semen quality evaluation in swine \u2013 from farm to the lab","volume":"17","author":"Maside","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.09.046","article-title":"New assays for detection and localization of endogenous lipid peroxidation products in living boar sperm after BTS dilution or after freeze-thawing","volume":"63","author":"Brouwers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.05.002","article-title":"Effects of reactive oxygen species on sperm function","volume":"78","author":"Guthrie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.076471","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and boar sperm function","volume":"81","author":"Awda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"227","article-title":"Effects of temperature on sperm motion characteristics and reactive oxygen species","volume":"47","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Womens Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.06.007","article-title":"Investigating ROS sources in male infertility: a common end for numerous pathways","volume":"34","author":"Lavranos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287216652779","article-title":"Oxidation-reduction potential of semen: what is its role in the treatment of male infertility?","volume":"8","author":"Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Adv Urol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1071\/RD18159","article-title":"Tropical summer induces DNA fragmentation in boar spermatozoa: implications for evaluating seasonal infertility","volume":"31","author":"Pena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduct Fertil Dev"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"81","article-title":"The effects of heat on the testes of mammals","volume":"2","author":"Setchell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim Reprod"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1976.423664x","article-title":"Influence of elevated ambient temperature on reproductive performance of boars","volume":"42","author":"Wettemann","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.12.019","article-title":"Seasonal infertility in sows: a five-year field study to analyze the relative roles of heat stress and photoperiod","volume":"74","author":"Auvigne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Final report to pork CRC","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"63","article-title":"Performance of commercial piggery farms affected by the third quarter reproduction syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Vega","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philippine J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067878","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.1067878","article-title":"Effect of artificial insemination in comparison to natural mating on the reproductive performance and profitability of smallholder pig production system in Indian Himalaya","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562988\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T14:16:19Z","timestamp":1744899379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562988\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1562988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"article-number":"1562988"}}