{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:49:56Z","timestamp":1780480196157,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recent discovery of <jats:italic>Theileria haneyi<\/jats:italic>, a tick-borne hemoparasite that causes mild clinical signs of equine piroplasmosis, has added complexity to the diagnosis of this reportable disease, which is prevalent among equids globally. Knowledge gaps regarding competent tick vectors that can transmit <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic> and the recent outbreak of <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis longicornis<\/jats:italic> in the US has prompted us to conduct this study. Our objective was to investigate whether <jats:italic>H. longicornis<\/jats:italic> can transstadially transmit <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic> to horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Haemaphysalis longicornis<\/jats:italic> larvae (0.5\u202fg) and nymphs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f500) were fed on a splenectomized <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic>-infected horse for parasite acquisition. During the tick feeding period, parasitemia was monitored using nested PCR (nPCR) and blood smear analysis. The acquisition ticks fed until repletion and were transferred to an incubator for molting. Concomitantly, red blood cells (RBCs) were collected from the acquisition horse for further infection. Freshly molted nymphs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 282) and adults (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 212), 22 offsprings of the acquisition larvae and nymphs, respectively, were placed on two individual na\u00efve spleen-intact horses for transstadial parasite transmission. Another na\u00efve horse was inoculated with 1\u202fmL of RBCs from the acquisition horse. After tick infestation and RBC inoculation, the transmission horses were monitored for 38\u202fdays for the presence of <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic> DNA in their peripheral blood using nPCR, as well as for any clinical signs of infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The splenectomized acquisition horse developed canonical signs of acute <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic> infection during tick acquisition. The percentage of parasitized RBCs in the acquisition horse varied between 2.2 and 8.1% during the tick feeding stage. Out of a subset of 10 engorged larvae that fed on the acquisition horse, all ticks tested nPCR positive for <jats:italic>T. haneyi.<\/jats:italic> However, only 4 out of 10 engorged nymphs that fed on the acquisition horse tested PCR positive for <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic>. We found no evidence for the presence of parasite DNA in the transmission ticks or in the horse\u2019s blood nor did we observe any clinical signs of <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic> infection in the transmission horses. In contrast, the horse inoculated with RBCs from the acquisition horse tested nPCR positive for <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic> 15\u202fdays after inoculation. It showed parasites in blood smear and developed canonical clinical signs of acute infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings show that <jats:italic>H. longicornis<\/jats:italic> ticks cannot transstadially transmit <jats:italic>T. haneyi<\/jats:italic> to horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1572944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:20:20Z","timestamp":1743571220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Haemaphysalislongicornis ticks are unable to transstadially transmit Theileria haneyi to horses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Karen C.","family":"Poh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennan","family":"Oyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia K.","family":"Onzere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lowell S.","family":"Kappmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginaldo G.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.03.010","article-title":"Discovery of a novel species, Theileria haneyi n. sp., infective to equids, highlights exceptional genomic diversity within the genus Theileria: implications for apicomplexan parasite surveillance","volume":"48","author":"Knowles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030270","article-title":"Development of an indirect ELISA to detect equine antibodies to Theileria haneyi","volume":"10","author":"Bastos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12070","article-title":"Equine piroplasmosis: an updated review","volume":"25","author":"Tamzali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet. 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