{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T06:03:37Z","timestamp":1793426617612,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Digestive dysfunction in lamb fattening has been a concern in recent years. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a fermentation broth (FB) derived from eight plants on rumen fermentation, gastrointestinal development, and microbial community composition in fattening lambs through <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> rumen fermentation was performed with six FB: diet ratios (mL\/g): 0, 1:125, 1:250, 1:500, 1:1000, and 1:2000. Fermentation parameters and nutrient disappearance rates were measured over 48\u202fh. Based on the results of the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> test, two optimal doses of FB (1:500 and 1:1000) were selected for further <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> testing over a 120-day period. A total of 90 weaned small-tailed Han lambs were assigned to three groups, receiving FB in drinking water at 0 (control), 1:500, or 1:1000 (vol\/vol).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that three parameters of gas production (GP), including fast-degradable fraction, slow-degradable fraction, and theoretical GP, were significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) in the 1:500 and 1:1000 groups compared with other groups. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> tests further showed that FB supplementation at 1:500 and 1:1000 improved rumen microstructure (papilla length, papilla surface, mucosa thickness, and muscle thickness) and jejunal microstructure (villus height, villus surface, and muscle thickness). Moreover, two rumen bacterial indices, PD_whole_tree (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.06) and Shannon (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.07), demonstrated increasing trends in both FB groups relative to the control group. In the rumen, 1:500 FB supplementation increased the abundance of Firmicutes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) and decreased Bacteroidota abundance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). In the jejunum, 1:500 FB supplementation decreased the abundance of Euryarchaeota and <jats:italic>Methanobrevibacter<\/jats:italic> (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.02) while increasing the abundance of Actinomycetes and <jats:italic>Aeriscardovia<\/jats:italic> (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.01) compared to the control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, FB supplementation in lambs\u2019 drinking water at a ratio of 1:500 (FB: diet, mL\/g) improved rumen fermentation and promoted microecological balance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1584930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T15:51:42Z","timestamp":1757692302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of plant-based fermented broth on rumen fermentation, gastrointestinal development, and microbial populations in fattening lambs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianjie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bosen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinsheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100352","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAPR.2023.100352","article-title":"Potentiality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in replacing antibiotic growth promoters on growth, gut microbiology, histology, and serum antibody titers of commercial broilers","volume":"32","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Poult Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102707","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSJ.2023.102707","article-title":"Growth performance and cecal microbiota of broiler chicks as affected by drinking water disinfection and\/or herbal extract blend supplementation","volume":"102","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231833","DOI":"10.3389\/FVETS.2023.1231833","article-title":"Effects of Chinese herbal feed additives on the sperm quality and reproductive capacity in breeding boars","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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