{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:13:36Z","timestamp":1793394816160,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004351","name":"SQU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG\/AGR\/ANVS\/21\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG\/AGR\/ANVS\/21\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Phytogenic feed additives have gained increasing attention in ruminant nutrition due to their capacity to modulate ruminal fermentation and reduce methane (CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n ) emissions. This study evaluated the effects of three plant-based additives.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Neem leaf (\n Azadirachta indica<\/jats:italic>\n ; NL), Indigofera leaf (\n Indigofera oblongifolia<\/jats:italic>\n ; IL), and Pumpkin peel (\n Cucurbita pepo<\/jats:italic>\n ; PP) included at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30\u202fg\/kg DM) on\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n ruminal fermentation, feed degradability, and CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n emissions. A total mixed ration (TMR) was incubated with each additive and buffered rumen fluid using the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n gas production technique for 24 hours.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n NL and IL supplementation significantly (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.05) increased gas and carbon dioxide (CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) production, organic matter degradability, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations, particularly propionate and butyrate. Simultaneously, acetate concentration, CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n emissions, NH\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n -N levels, and protozoa abundance were reduced (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt;\u202f0.05). However, PP had limited effects on these parameters. The phenolic profiles of NL and IL, notably rich in 2-hydroxycinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid, likely contributed to these outcomes. In conclusion, these findings support the use of NL and IL as effective phytogenic additives for improving rumen fermentation and mitigating CH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n production. Further\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n trials are recommended to validate these\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n results.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1591700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T04:04:06Z","timestamp":1746072246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Assessment of different phytogenic-based additives on in vitro rumen fermentation profile and methane emissions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hani M.","family":"El-Zaiat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein A.","family":"Masood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira S.","family":"Al Hinai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem H.","family":"Al Maamari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanad S.","family":"Al Riyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaadhia","family":"Al-Kharousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza H.","family":"Al-Salami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Al-Habsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280611","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1280611","article-title":"Natural phytochemicals to enhance animal productivity and health status with low greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"10","author":"El-Zaiat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061542","article-title":"Selected alternative feed additives used to manipulate the rumen microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Michalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4543","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11096","article-title":"Supplementation of fruit peel pellet containing phytonutrients to manipulate rumen pH, fermentation efficiency, nutrient digestibility and microbial protein synthesis","volume":"101","author":"Wanapat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2019.1588297","article-title":"Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity profile of selected cereal sprouts and grasses","volume":"22","author":"Niroula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Food Prop"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.22319\/rmcp.v10i2.4526","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamic acids in animal production: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and growth promoting effects. 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