{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T14:53:10Z","timestamp":1782831190388,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study of the middle ear and especially the ossicular chain in different species can bring interesting insights into the biomechanics of hearing. The ground squirrel\u2019s middle ear anatomy has not been studied as thoroughly as its other systems and organs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study describes the ear ossicles in this little-studied species, providing the morphological and morphometrical characteristics and a series of comparative data, in an attempt to characterise also some functional anatomy of the incus, malleus and stapes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The malleus comprises the typical morphological elements, having a round, tuberous head and a very short neck with no bony processes. The manubrium is almost perpendicular to the rotational axis of the ossicle and presents, on its medial surface, the bony process for the insertion of the tensor tympani muscle. Incus is very short and has a deeply incised articular surface for malleus. The lenticular process was identified at the distal part of the long process. The stapes is the smallest ossicle, sheltered in a cavity of the mesotympanic area. It has a very short head, and the stapedial tendon marks its insertion on a visible bony process. An evident surrounding bony ridge marks the elliptic footplate. A comparison of the data related to lever ratio and stapedial surface is also provided based on the collected metrical data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1609738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T12:18:49Z","timestamp":1756210729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anatomical and morphometrical approaches on the auditory ossicles in European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cristian Olimpiu","family":"Martonos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Kehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Blagojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Nesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin Gheorghe","family":"Stan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Ion","family":"Gudea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Burrows and burrowing behavior in mammals","volume-title":"Current Mammology","author":"Reichman","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1644\/05-MAMM-A-251R1.1","article-title":"Anatomical correlates to scratch digging in the forelimb of European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus)","volume":"87","author":"Lagaria","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YMPEV.2007.02.021","article-title":"Multigenic and morphometric differentiation of ground squirrels (Spermophilus, Scuiridae, Rodentia) in Turkey, with a description of a new species","volume":"43","author":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3390\/LAND11020301\/S1","article-title":"European ground squirrels at the edge: current distribution status and anticipated impact of climate on Europe\u2019s southernmost population","volume":"11","author":"Rammou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/MPS7020018","article-title":"Housing European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) for an ex situ conservation program","volume":"7","author":"B\u00e1rdos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Protocols"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1017\/S003060531200004X","article-title":"The status of a rare phylogeographic lineage of the vulnerable European souslik Spermophilus citellus, endemic to Central Macedonia","volume":"46","author":"Kry\u0161tufek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2018.016","article-title":"Anatomical and histological characteristics of the lungs in the ground squirrel (spermophilus citellus)","volume":"66","author":"Blagojevi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1644\/913.1","article-title":"Spermophilus citellus (Rodentia: Sciuridae)","volume":"913","author":"Ramos-Lara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mamm Species"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1529.1.1","article-title":"Taxonomic status of the genus Spermophilus (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Turkey and Iran with description of a new species","volume":"1529","author":"\u00d6zkurt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCZ.2011.07.005","article-title":"Acoustic analysis of alarm calls of the European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) and the Taurus ground squirrel (S. taurensis) (Mammalia: Sciuridae)","volume":"251","author":"Schneiderov\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zool Anzeiger"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70061","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70061","article-title":"Morphologic examination of Ossicula Auditus in different ruminants","volume":"10","author":"Demircio\u011flu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1080\/24750263.2022.2113158","article-title":"Morphological and morphometrical anatomy of the auditory ossicles in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)","volume":"89","author":"Martonos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Zool J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12446","article-title":"Morphological and morphometrical study of the auditory ossicles in chinchilla","volume":"48","author":"Martonos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Med Series C Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/AHE.12632","article-title":"Micro-anatomy of the ear of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)","volume":"50","author":"Robert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI13071230","article-title":"Geometric and morphometric analysis of the auditory Ossicles in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)","volume":"13","author":"Had\u017eiomerovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12040631","article-title":"Anatomical, histological, and Morphometrical investigations of the auditory Ossicles in Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus from saint Kitts Island","volume":"12","author":"Martonos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"700","article-title":"Veterinary anatomy of domestic Mammals","volume-title":"Textbook and colour atlas","author":"Konig","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"850","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary anatomy","author":"Dyce","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Clinically oriented anatomy of the dog & cat","author":"Kumar","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MAMBIO.2008.01.002","article-title":"The chorda tympani and its significance for rodent phylogeny","volume":"74","author":"Ruf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mamm Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/JMOR.10411","article-title":"Acoustic communication and burrow acoustics are reflected in the ear morphology of the coruro (Spalacopus cyanus, Octodontidae), a social fossorial rodent","volume":"267","author":"Begall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1644\/07-mamm-a-401.1","article-title":"Middle ear structures of Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae), in comparison with those of subterranean Caviomorphs","volume":"89","author":"Argyle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.17221\/3158-VETMED","article-title":"The arteries originating from the aortic arch and the branches of these arteries in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris)","volume":"56","author":"Aydin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"347","article-title":"The auditory Ossicles of American rodents","volume":"33","author":"Cockerell","year":"1914","journal-title":"Bull Am Museum Nat Hist"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MAMBIO.2007.02.010","article-title":"Middle ear morphology in dormice (Rodentia: Gliridae)","volume":"73","author":"Farr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mamm Biol"},{"key":"ref26","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.10.013","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the middle ear ossicles of extant hominids\u2014introducing a geometric morphometric protocol","volume":"91","author":"Stoessel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/JOA.12197","article-title":"Evolution of the auditory ossicles in extant hominids: metric variation in African apes and humans","volume":"225","author":"Quam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100138","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TRIA.2021.100138","article-title":"Relevant temporal bone anatomy for robotic cochlear implantation: an updated terminology combined with anatomical and clinical terms","volume":"25","author":"Topsakal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res Anat"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.2822","article-title":"The auditory region (Ossicles, sinuses) in gliding mammals and selected representatives of non-gliding genera","volume":"58","author":"Segall","year":"1971","journal-title":"Feild Zool"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-015-0222-x","article-title":"\u201cSeptal compass\u201d and \u201cseptal formula\u201d: a new method for phylogenetic investigations of the middle ear region in the squirrel-related clade (Rodentia: Mammalia)","volume":"15","author":"Pfaff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org Divers Evol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/JMOR.10810","article-title":"Middle ear structure and bone conduction in Spalax, Eospalax, and Tachyoryctes mole-rats (Rodentia: Spalacidae)","volume":"271","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/JOA.12313","article-title":"Structure and function of the mammalian middle ear. I: large middle ears in small desert mammals","volume":"228","author":"Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2003)084<0185:BVISAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Bullar volume in subterranean and surface-dwelling Caviomorph rodents","volume":"84","author":"Schleich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/JOA.12316","article-title":"Structure and function of the mammalian middle ear. II: inferring function from structure","volume":"228","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-015-0675-1","article-title":"Internally coupled ears in living mammals","volume":"110","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0167079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167079","article-title":"Ear structures of the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber, and its relatives (Rodentia: Bathyergidae)","volume":"11","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10430","article-title":"Evolution of the middle ear apparatus in talpid moles","volume":"267","author":"Mason","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67143-2","article-title":"Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear","volume":"55","author":"Fleischer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(01)00298-2","article-title":"Audiograms of five species of rodents: implications for the evolution of hearing and the perception of pitch","volume":"157","author":"Heffner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/JMOR.1052140104","article-title":"The ear in subterranean insectivora and rodentia in comparison with ground-dwelling representatives. I. Sound conducting system of the middle ear","volume":"214","author":"Burda","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Comparative middle ear structure and function in vertebrates","author":"Rosowski","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5319\/wjo.v3.i3.71","article-title":"Systematic review of animal models of middle ear surgery","volume":"3","author":"Bergin","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214337","article-title":"Beitrage Zur Vergleichenden Anatomie des Gehororgans der Sauger (Tympanicum, mambrana Shrapnelli und Chorda Verlauf)","volume":"35","author":"Bondy","year":"1907","journal-title":"AnatHefte"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1644\/BEL-102","article-title":"The middle ear apparatus of the Tuco-Tuco Ctenomys sociabilis (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae)","volume":"85","author":"Mason","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"87","article-title":"Microscopic guide to the middle ear anatomy in guinea pigs","volume-title":"The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat","author":"\u015eanl\u0131","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2015000600017","article-title":"Macroscopic description of the external and middle ear of paca (Cuniculus Paca Linnaeus, 1766)","volume":"35","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pesqui Vet Bras"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/J.HEARES.2012.10.004","article-title":"Of mice, moles and guinea pigs: functional morphology of the middle ear in living mammals","volume":"301","author":"Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000146503","article-title":"Morphology variations of human ossicula tympani","volume":"131","author":"Sarrat","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1469-7580.1998.19230359.X","article-title":"The comparative anatomy of the pig middle ear cavity: a model for middle ear inflammation in the human?","volume":"192","author":"Pracy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2399\/ana.11.226","article-title":"Can fetal ossicles be used as prosthesis in adults? A morphometric study","author":"Nadeem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anatomy"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813509589","article-title":"Endoscopic anatomy of the pediatric middle ear","volume":"150","author":"Isaacson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20666","article-title":"Joint formation in the middle ear: lessons from the mouse and guinea pig","volume":"235","author":"Amin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12617","article-title":"Morphological and morphometrical aspects of the auditory ossicles in goat (Capra hircus)","volume":"50","author":"Martonos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Med Series C Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"3301482","volume-title":"The functional morphology and evolution of the primate auditory system","author":"Coleman","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Monkey hear: A morphometric analysis of the primate auditory Ossicles","author":"Carter","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"13","article-title":"Topographical anatomy and morphometry of the temporal bone of the macaque","volume":"68","author":"Wysocki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.2015.0051","article-title":"The architecture of the middle ear in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes Javanicus)","volume":"74","author":"Kamali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JOTO.2015.11.002","article-title":"Characteristic anatomical structures of rat temporal bone","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Otol"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"115","article-title":"A functional anatomy of the external and middle ear of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-004-5016-3","article-title":"On the coupling between the incus and the stapes in the cat","volume":"6","author":"Funnell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"237","article-title":"Anatomical and Morphometrical study of middle ear Ossicles in 2 to 3-month-old Makouei sheep fetuses","volume":"8","author":"Simaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"29","article-title":"Morphological aspects of the common carotid artery in Turcana lambs. Aspecte morfologice ale arterei carotide comune la mieii de ras\u0103 \u021burcan\u0103","volume":"31","author":"Martonos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Rom Med Vet"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1002\/AR.25178","article-title":"Ecomorphological correlates of inner and middle ear anatomy within phyllostomid bats","volume":"306","author":"Dickinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12998","DOI":"10.1111\/AHE.12998","article-title":"Anatomic and morphometric examination of auditory ossicles in sheep","volume":"53","author":"Kama\u015fak Arpa\u00e7ay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.2003.00483.x","article-title":"A detailed subgross morphometric study on the auditory ossicles of the New Zealand rabbit","volume":"32","author":"Kurtul","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med Series C Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-4079(19)32028-x","article-title":"Anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques, Paris, Vigot \u00e9dit","volume":"7","author":"Parodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1469-7998.1987.TB01552.X","article-title":"The influence of carotid arterial sounds on hearing sensitivity in mammals","volume":"211","author":"Packer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15081129","article-title":"Morphological, histological and morphometrical aspects of the auditory ossicles in pig fetuses (Sus scrofa domestica)","volume":"17","author":"Martonos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090483","article-title":"Morphological and Morphometrical aspects of the auditory Ossicles in the European badger (Meles Meles)","volume":"9","author":"Martonos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000145503","article-title":"Morphology of the middle ear in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"112","author":"Saad","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000145124","article-title":"Anatomy of the auditory tube and related structures in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"105","author":"Doyle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.102.2.99","article-title":"Absolute auditory thresholds in three Old World monkey species (Cercopithecus aethiops, C. neglectus, Macaca fuscata) and humans (Homo sapiens)","volume":"102","author":"Owren","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Psychol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-2930(13)50019-5","article-title":"Microdissection of miniature pig ear","volume":"8","author":"HaiJin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Otol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.22099\/IJVR.2011.51","article-title":"Morphology and Morphometrical study of Hamster middle ear bones","volume":"12","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/S10162-012-0369-5","article-title":"Characterization of stapes anatomy: investigation of human and Guinea pig","volume":"14","author":"Sim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.06.002","article-title":"Sheep as a large animal ear model: middle-ear ossicular velocities and intracochlear sound pressure","volume":"351","author":"P\u00e9us","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-020-01430-w","article-title":"Comparison of sheep and human middle-ear ossicles: anatomy and inertial properties","volume":"206","author":"P\u00e9us","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4103\/AMHS.AMHS_16_23","article-title":"Morphometry of human ear Ossicles","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Med Health Sci"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0758-5","article-title":"3D finite element model of the chinchilla ear for characterizing middle ear functions","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1609738\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T12:18:51Z","timestamp":1756210731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1609738\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1609738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1609738","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"article-number":"1609738"}}