{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:15:17Z","timestamp":1760141717543,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autophagy-related gene 5 (<jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic>) plays a crucial role in autophagosome formation. Recent studies have investigated the role of autophagy in regulating testosterone production; however, its expression in testicular tissues and Leydig cells of Hezuo pig remains less understood. In this study, we cloned the coding sequence (CDS) region of the <jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic> gene and assessed its expression using qPCR across various tissues and testes at different developmental stages in Hezuo pigs. Subsequently, we constructed silencing and overexpression vectors for <jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic> and transfected them into Leydig cells. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Autophagy and testosterone synthesized gene expression were detected by qPCR, while ATG5, StAR and LC3 protein levels were measured by Western blotting. Furthermore, testosterone concentration and the levels of autophagy-related genes BECN1 (Beclin1), NPC1L1 (Niemann-Pick C1-like 1), and TSPO (translocator protein) were quantified via ELISA. The results indicated that the CDS region of the <jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic> gene spans 828 base pairs, encoding 275 amino acids. <jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic> showed high expression in the testis and lung (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01), with significantly higher expression in the testicular tissues of the 4-month-old group compared to the 1-month-old group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). Compared to the empty vector control (ATG5-PC), the overexpression group (ATG5-OE) exhibited increased cell proliferation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), reduced apoptosis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01), elevated autophagy gene expression (<jats:italic>BECN1, ATG7,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>LC3<\/jats:italic>) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01) and testosterone synthesis-related genes (<jats:italic>StAR, HSD3B<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CYP11A1<\/jats:italic>) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01), along with increased ATG5, StAR and LC3protein levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01), as well as significantly increased testosterone levels, BECN1, NPC1L1, and TSPO expression (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.01). These findings indicate that <jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic> manipulation affects testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells, likely through autophagy regulation. This study offers novel insights into the function of <jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic> in testosterone production within testicular Leydig cells, providing theoretical support for investigating early puberty in Hezuo pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1611919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:19:51Z","timestamp":1760069991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ATG5 gene regulates testosterone synthesis of testicular Leydig cells in Hezuo pig"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zunqiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangbao","family":"Gun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_21","article-title":"Autophagy in reproduction. 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