{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:13:05Z","timestamp":1790251985131,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the frequency of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. isolated from production animals (pigs, poultry, cattle) and rodents in South America between 2020 and 2024, with the goal of providing key information on resistance in these countries for public health and food safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, SciELO, and Latindex. Studies on <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. resistant to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in production animals, meat products, and rodents in South America during 2020\u20132024 were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 83 initial results, 27 studies were selected. 70.4% of the studies were conducted in Brazil. 88% of the studies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f24\/27) used phenotypic methods, with the disk diffusion technique being the most common. Ciprofloxacin was the most studied antibiotic, with an overall resistance of 32.5%, followed by nalidixic acid (60.6%) and enrofloxacin (23.7%). The average multidrug resistance (MDR) was 62%. 44% of the studies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f12\/27) employed genotypic methods, with whole genome sequencing (WGS) being the most notable technique. Mutations were reported in <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> (58%), <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> (50%), <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> (8%), and the presence of <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic> genes (75%) and <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic> (8%). No studies on rodents were found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. in South America endangers public health and food safety. To address antimicrobial resistance, monitoring and control measures must be implemented, regional research should be promoted, and stronger restrictions should be enforced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1614486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T08:10:17Z","timestamp":1756887017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Systematic review: genotypic and phenotypic resistance of fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella in livestock in South America (2020\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stefany","family":"Barrientos-Villegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Garc\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juana L.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"L\u00f3pez-Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny J.","family":"Chaparro-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.21608\/zvjz.2022.137946.1179","article-title":"A review on salmonella characteristics, taxonomy, nomenclature with special reference to non-Typhoidal and Typhoidal salmonellosis","volume":"50","author":"Oludairo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zagazig Vet J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061163","article-title":"Salmonella bacterin vaccination decreases shedding and colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in pigs","volume":"9","author":"Moura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2013.01.010","article-title":"Nontyphoid salmonella infection: microbiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial therapy","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8442","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8442","article-title":"The European Union one health 2022 zoonoses report","volume":"21","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Sanidad animal y salud p\u00fablica: el paradigma de la salmonella","author":"M\u00e1rquez","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46699","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.46699","article-title":"The rise of non-typhoidal salmonella infections in India: causes, symptoms, and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Dudhane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6474","DOI":"10.21897\/rmvz.1242","article-title":"Prevalencia de Salmonella spp., en ganglios mesent\u00e9ricos de porcinos en plantas de beneficio Colombianas","volume":"23","author":"Ayala-Romero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev MVZ C\u00f3rdoba"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-635x17011-10","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones in industrial poultry production, bacterial resistance and food residues: a review. 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