{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:49:17Z","timestamp":1790398157605,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neonatal calf diarrhea incidence varies seasonally, increasing during climatic fluctuations. This study investigated body weight and size, immune function, intestinal permeability, rectal microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in diarrheal and healthy lactating calves across seasons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten lactating healthy and ten diarrhea calves were selected in each season, blood and rectal contents samples were collected. Serum immunity, cytokines, and intestinal permeability markers were measured using kits. Rectal microbiota composition was analyzed via 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and SCFA profiles of rectal contents were characterized using targeted metabolomics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significantly higher levels of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), endotoxin (ET), and diamine oxidase (DAO) and lower levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), immunoglobulin (IgA and IgG) levels were observed in diarrheic calves compared to those of healthy controls across all four seasons. Acetate and valeric acid concentrations were significantly lower in diarrheic calves in summer, autumn, and winter. In addition, diarrheic calves exhibited significantly reduced alpha diversity compared to than that of healthy controls, as indicated by lower Chao1, Observed_features, and Shannon indices. The relative abundances of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the diarrheal calf group were significantly higher, while\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly lower.\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1<\/jats:italic>\n                      content was positively correlated with ET and DAO and negatively correlated with IL-10 and IgA.\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      was positively correlated with ET, DAO, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1, but negatively correlated with IL-10 and IgA.\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was positively correlated with ET, DAO, and IL-1\u03b2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, seasonal factors have an influence on the indicators related to diarrhea in calves. Diarrheic lactating calves showed the characteristics of reduced immunity, increased inflammatory response, reduced rectal microbial diversity, and altered microbiota profiles and SCFA content, and these alterations were closely related to the occurrence of diarrhea in calves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1615310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T09:45:36Z","timestamp":1752227136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integrated 16S rDNA-Seq and metabolomics reveal seasonal dynamics of gut microbial\u2013SCFA\u2013immune crosstalk in diarrheic calves"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qicheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunxi","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junli","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10372","article-title":"Effect of milk replacer program on calf performance and digestion of nutrients with age of the dairy calf","volume":"99","author":"Colleen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2017.03.007","article-title":"Passive immunity to control bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina","volume":"50","author":"Marina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000226","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2017-000226","article-title":"Prospective cohort study to assess rates of contagious disease in pre-weaned UK dairy heifers: management practices, passive transfer of immunity and associated calf health","volume":"4","author":"Kate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Record Open"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.1.1","article-title":"An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention","author":"Yong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00816-20","article-title":"Calf diarrhea caused by prolonged expansion of autochthonous gut Enterobacteriaceae and their lytic bacteriophages","volume":"15","author":"Tae Woong","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2021.e63","article-title":"The prevalence of causative agents of calf diarrhea in Korean native calves","volume":"63","author":"Jeong-Byoung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjbas.2015.11.010","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli in neonatal diarrheic calves","volume":"5","author":"El-Seedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11030108","article-title":"Neonatal calf diarrhea and gastrointestinal microbiota: etiologic agents and microbiota manipulation for treatment and prevention of diarrhea","volume":"11","author":"Edmund","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-501","article-title":"Board-invited review: recent advances in management of highly stressed, newly received feedlot cattle","volume":"85","author":"Duff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10198","article-title":"Stress, immunity, and the management of calves","volume":"99","author":"Hulbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres12030048","article-title":"Viral enteritis in cattle: to well known viruses and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Mat\u00edas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.04.007","article-title":"Mortality, diarrhea and respiratory disease in Danish dairy heifer calves: effect of production system and season","volume":"155","author":"R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9770","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249770","article-title":"Leaky gut and autoimmunity: an intricate balance in individuals health and the diseased state","volume":"21","author":"Bilal Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009959","article-title":"A short chain fatty acid\u2013centric view of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Anna","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21177","article-title":"Enhanced translocation of bacteria across metabolically stressed epithelia is reduced by butyrate\u2020","volume":"16","author":"L","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03854-3","article-title":"Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii Cncm I-745 as complementary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on gut microbiome","volume":"39","author":"Pa\u00fal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1110","article-title":"Influence of equalizing the gross composition of milk replacer to that of whole milk on the performance of Holstein calves","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145485","article-title":"Oral Administration of Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii Decreased the incidence of severe diarrhea and related mortality rate and increased weight gain in Preweaned dairy heifers","volume":"10","author":"Carla","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13404","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of immunoglobulin G antibodies","volume":"328","author":"Hematianlarki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27557","article-title":"The endogenous factors affecting the detection of serum SARS-CoV-2 IgG\/IgM antibodies by ELISA","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.16656\/j.issn.1673-4696.2024.0222","article-title":"Il-1\u03b2: an inflammatory sentinel that senses invasion signals from viral proteases","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105694","article-title":"Main active components of Jiawei Gegen Qinlian decoction protects against ulcerative colitis under different dietary environments in a gut microbiota-dependent manner","volume":"170","author":"Qinmei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2287","article-title":"Tnf-mediated inflammatory disease","volume":"214","author":"R","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052719","article-title":"The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf-\u0391) in autoimmune disease and current Tnf-\u0391 inhibitors in therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Dan-In","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"751","article-title":"Changes of renin-angiotensin system (Ras) expression in jejunal tissues of pigs with clinical diarrhea and its relationship with intestinal inflammation","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Husb Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101587","article-title":"Gut microbiota and immune system interactions","volume":"8","author":"Ji Youn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.26402\/jpp.2019.2.03","article-title":"Intestinal mucosa diamine oxidase activity reflects intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease","volume":"83","author":"Jon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08465-7","article-title":"Establishment of a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation model of human fetal colon cells","volume":"50","author":"Keqi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4190\/jjlac.12.59","article-title":"Serum diamine oxidase activity in Japanese black calves with diarrhea","author":"Tatsuya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sangyo Dobutsu Rinsho Igaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02083-3","article-title":"Impacts of heat stress on immune responses and oxidative stress in farm animals and nutritional strategies for amelioration","volume":"65","author":"Surinder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Boushra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041107","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by human intestinal microbiome","volume":"12","author":"Paulina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1854675","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.2012.01014.x","article-title":"A review of the molecular aspects of melatonin\u2019s anti-inflammatory actions: recent insights and new perspectives","volume":"54","author":"Jos\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715303262653231120043819","article-title":"Molecular targets of valeric acid: a bioactive natural product for endocrine, metabolic, and immunological disorders","author":"Bindu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"Mafld: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"158","author":"Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.015","article-title":"Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"184","author":"Rohit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116465","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii from calves and piglets","volume":"9","author":"F","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145445","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1145445","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum Hokkaido strain, effective lactic acid Bacteria for calf diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"Mari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06125-0","article-title":"NLRP1 restricts butyrate producing commensals to exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Hazel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104947","article-title":"Microbiota-derived butyrate regulates intestinal inflammation: focus on inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"159","author":"Mafalda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.030","article-title":"Sodium butyrate inhibits inflammation and maintains epithelium barrier integrity in a TNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease mice model","author":"Guangxin","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2024.101517","article-title":"Early-life Clostridium butyricum supplementation improved rumen development and immune by promoting the maturation of intestinal microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Food Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14071069","article-title":"Probiotic roles of Clostridium butyricum in piglets: considering aspects of intestinal barrier function","volume":"14","author":"Xiaopeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1907272","article-title":"Butyrate-producing human gut symbiont, Clostridium butyricum, and its role in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Magdalena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00022-13","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Matthew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-024-00676-4","article-title":"The role of Shigella spp. in propagating bacillary dysentery in humans and the prominence of nanotechnology in disease prevention","volume":"10","author":"El Bethel Lalthavel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1086\/505869","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is a cause of acute diarrheal illness: a meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"David","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03118-3","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii alleviates inflammatory arthritis and regulates IL-17 production, short chain fatty acids, and the intestinal microbial flora in experimental mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Jeonghyeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07182-w","article-title":"A distinct Fusobacterium nucleatum clade dominates the colorectal cancer niche","volume":"628","author":"Martha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2017.09.011","article-title":"Action and function of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Ferreira-Halder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad039","article-title":"Faecalibacterium: A bacterial genus with promising human health applications","volume":"47","author":"Rebeca","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02345","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and their molecular communication with the immune system","volume":"8","author":"R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c04602","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve Ccfm1078 alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in rats via modulating the gut microbiota and repairing the intestinal barrier damage","volume":"70","author":"Bowen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1615310\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T09:45:39Z","timestamp":1752227139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1615310\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1615310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1615310","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"article-number":"1615310"}}