{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:15:15Z","timestamp":1790511315398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination emerges as a promising cost-effective tool to reduce the impact and spread of animal tuberculosis, especially in regions where test-and-slaughter eradication strategy is socioeconomically unfeasible or unfruitful for different reasons, provided it is safe, efficacious and compatible with diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we preliminarily evaluated the diagnostic interference (using guinea pigs) and the protective efficacy (using mice) of three heat-inactivated, three phage-inactivated and one live attenuated vaccine prototypes prepared from\n                      <jats:italic>M. bovis, M. caprae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>M. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phage-inactivation killed almost all (96.41\u201399.92%) bacteria to be included in vaccines and filtering was used to remove the remaining viable cells. All the assayed vaccines induced skin test reactions in response to bovine tuberculin, but they were smaller in the phage-inactivated vaccine groups. All the vaccines were diagnosis-compatible with defined skin test antigens based on ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c. In contrast with the rest of prototypes, vaccination with heat- and phage-inactivated\n                      <jats:italic>M. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      did not prompt the production of detectable anti-MPB70+MPB83 antibodies. Mean bacterial burden was lower in all vaccinated groups in comparison with the control, being significantly reduced in the lungs of the heat-inactivated\n                      <jats:italic>M. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M. caprae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and phage-inactivated\n                      <jats:italic>M. caprae<\/jats:italic>\n                      groups. Considering both diagnostic interference and protection collectively, the heat-inactivated\n                      <jats:italic>M. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccine showed the best performance. Further studies to evaluate these vaccines and to improve phage-driven inactivation are warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1620497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T14:59:36Z","timestamp":1753109976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protection and diagnostic interference induced by heat-inactivated, phage-inactivated and live vaccine prototypes against animal tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Leire","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Veiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","place":["Derio, Bizkaia, 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