{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T14:34:57Z","timestamp":1770129297281,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the mucosal immunoadjuvant effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Gynostemma pentaphyllum<\/jats:italic>\n                      Extract (Gynostemma P.E), the bioactive constituents of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into four groups: a negative control group (intranasal administration of antigen only), a Gynostemma P.E-antigen mixture test group (intranasal administration), and two positive control groups (intramuscular injection of antigen or inactivated homemade vaccine, respectively). Fourteen days post booster immunization, spleen samples were collected to assess splenic lymphocyte proliferation activity. Intestinal segments were harvested for histological evaluation; duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and IgA-positive cell numbers were quantified via H&amp;amp;E staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum and mucosal lavage fluid were analyzed for specific IgG and secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results demonstrated that Gynostemma P.E significantly promoted immune organ development, enhanced splenic lymphocyte proliferation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), and elevated serum IgG and nasal mucosal sIgA antibody levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents an innovative approach that integrates bioactive compounds from traditional Chinese medicine with intranasal mucosal immunization, offering new perspectives for combating gastrointestinal infections in veterinary medicine, and demonstrates that Gynostemma P.E significantly enhance PEDV-specific mucosal immunity in mice, providing a foundation for developing safer and more effective PEDV vaccines (and other veterinary vaccines), data supporting Gynostemma P.E as mucosal immunoadjuvants, and a theoretical framework for future clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1636663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T04:10:46Z","timestamp":1755835846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunoenhancing effects of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Extract on mucosal immunity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruihan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Agricultural College, Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic","place":["Yichang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Innovation Center of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Biopharmaceutical Technology Center, Zhaofenghua Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Nanjing)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuaiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Innovation Center of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Establishment and Application of an Indirect ELISA Method for Detection of IgA against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus","author":"Zhao","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.13345\/j.cjb.220853","article-title":"Preparation and immunogenicity evaluation of an mRNA vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332653","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2332653","article-title":"Coinfection and nonrandom recombination drive the evolution of swine enteric coronaviruses","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198045","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): an update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control","volume":"286","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112434","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: an updated overview of virus epidemiology, virulence variation patterns and virus\u2013host interactions","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.05.023","article-title":"Evolution, antigenicity and pathogenicity of global porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains","volume":"226","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5985","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230823.602","article-title":"Application and prospect of natural active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in immunological adjuvant for influenza vaccine","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091810","article-title":"Gypenoside inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus replicationby interfering with viral attachment and internalization and activating apoptosis of infected cells","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.13194\/j.issn.1673-842X.2025.03.019","article-title":"Research progress on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Gynostemma","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.024","article-title":"The immunological adjuvant activity of gypenosides liposome against Newcastle disease vaccine","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111810","article-title":"Immune enhancement of nanoparticle-encapsulated ginseng stem-leaf Saponins on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccine in mice","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.13610\/j.cnki.1672-352x.20240830.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunizing effects of adjuvant of alcohol extract of Polygonatum sibiricum F. 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