{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:58:19Z","timestamp":1776351499758,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012438","name":"Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010038","name":"Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Effector protein functions of Type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenicity islands 2 (SPI-2) have not been fully characterized in\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Choleraesuis. This study characterized 21 effectors of SPI-2 T3SS of\n                    <jats:italic>S. Choleraesuis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in terms of macrophage survival and virulence in mice via construction of various gene mutant strains. Eight effector genes including\n                    <jats:italic>sseF, sseJ, sifB, sseK, sifA, sopD<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>steC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>steD<\/jats:italic>\n                    contributed to bacterial survival in macrophage cell line RAW264.7; whereas only\n                    <jats:italic>sopD<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    also promoted bacterial virulence in mice like other three effector genes\n                    <jats:italic>sseL, steA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>spiC<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The mutant strain, \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sopD<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sseL<\/jats:italic>\n                    , \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>steA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , or \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>spiC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , led to higher mouse survival compared to the wild-type strain post-oral infection, while their bacterial loads in spleen and liver were not reduced except the \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>spiC<\/jats:italic>\n                    that was undetectable in mouse tissues. Then, the triple-gene mutant strain \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sseL<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>sopD<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>steA<\/jats:italic>\n                    was constructed and found to be virulence attenuated with a compromised colonization ability. Finally, immunization of this mutant orally induced robust serum IgG responses and provided 40% protection against lethal\n                    <jats:italic>S. Choleraesuis<\/jats:italic>\n                    challenge. Our study highlights the critical role of four SPI-2 T3SS effectors in\n                    <jats:italic>S. Choleraesuis<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1637327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T11:17:23Z","timestamp":1755083843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Roles of SPI-2 T3SS effectors in virulence of Salmonella Choleraesuis and Construction of a triple-gene mutant vaccine strain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan 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