{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T17:42:19Z","timestamp":1757612539482,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections poses a major challenge in intensive farming, worsened by rising anthelmintic resistance. Developing innovative control strategies is critical. Sheep acquired immunity to <jats:italic>Nematodirus oiratianus<\/jats:italic> offers a valuable model for dissecting host-nematode interactions, though underlying immune mechanisms remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study employed multi-omics analyses (transcriptome and proteome) of lamb duodenum across infection stages, validated by RT-qPCR, iELISA, histopathological staining (HE), and electron microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection triggered early immune activation mediated by intestinal epithelial cells. Key differentially expressed genes included <jats:italic>CLDN18<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CCL19<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FGB<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Muc5ac<\/jats:italic>, potentially linking to parasite expulsion. Early-stage pathway enrichment in cancer, chemokine signaling, and phagosome function enhanced intestinal barrier integrity and immune cell recruitment. Late-stage upregulation of <jats:italic>CCL<\/jats:italic> chemokines directly impacted nematode survival. Intestinal villi shedding was also correlated with parasite clearance. These findings unravel potential mechanisms of acquired immunity against <jats:italic>Nematodirus oiratianus<\/jats:italic>, highlighting novel therapeutic targets (e.g., epithelial barrier regulators, chemokine networks) and vaccine candidates for nematode control in livestock.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1643786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T13:47:36Z","timestamp":1756993656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acquired immunity mechanisms in sheep infected with Nematodirus oiratianus: key genes and host responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalai","family":"Suyala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Puguo","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Runqing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risu","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qimuge","family":"Bainuwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surong","family":"Hasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/168559a0","article-title":"A new species of Nematodirus in sheep","volume":"168","author":"Crofton","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-022-01493-3","article-title":"Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of wild ungulates in Hirpora wildlife sanctuary, Kashmir","volume":"46","author":"Bhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"India J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109962","article-title":"Dairy goats helminthosis and its potential predictors in Greece: findings from an extensive countrywide study","volume":"320","author":"Lianou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003812","article-title":"The influence of temperature on the development, hatching and survival of Nematodirus battus larvae","volume":"135","author":"van Dijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.92.26.697","article-title":"Where does Nematodirus battus Crofton & Thomas, 1951, come from?","volume":"92","author":"Jansen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.112.23.554-a","article-title":"Change in N battus epidemiology","volume":"112","author":"Borgsteede","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"825","article-title":"De definitieve vestiging van Nematodirus battus in Nederland [Nematodirus battus definitely established in the Netherlands (author's transl)]","volume":"104","author":"Borgsteede","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"29","article-title":"Study of gastro-intestinal strongylosis in a sheep flock on permanent pasture 2. 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