{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:38:54Z","timestamp":1792597134697,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the effects of fermented ramie feed (FRF) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, metabolic capacity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of <jats:italic>Linwu<\/jats:italic> ducks. A total of 480 female <jats:italic>Linwu<\/jats:italic> ducks (age: 28 days) were randomly divided into five treatments (six replicates per group; 16 ducks per replicate). The control group received a basal diet and the treatment groups received the basal diet supplemented with by 3%, 6%, 9% or 12% FRF. The experiment lasted 21 days. Notably, 3% and 6% FRF trended to increase the final body weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.097) and significantly increased the thymus index (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Regarding serum indices, FRF greatly reduced the triglyceride and glucose contents, and increased the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Besides, FRF significantly increased the apparent metabolic rates of dry matter, crude protein, crude ash and gross energy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, FRF remarkably improved villus height in the duodenum. FRF also increased the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria (<jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Barnesiella<\/jats:italic>) and reduced the relative abundances of harmful parasitic bacteria (<jats:italic>Desulfovibrio<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Enterenecus<\/jats:italic>) in the cecum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Thus, partial FRF substitution greatly improved serum biochemistry, antioxidant capacity, metabolic capacity and intestinal health in <jats:italic>Linwu<\/jats:italic> ducks, thereby enhancing the growth performance to a certain extent. The optimal level of FRF substitution is 3%\u22126% according to the impacts of growth performance and overall health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1646055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:35:37Z","timestamp":1754314537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of fermented ramie feed on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, metabolic capacity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of Linwu ducks"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zonghao","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biguang","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253178","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1253178","article-title":"Silage preparation and sustainable livestock production of natural woody plant","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119482","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of water footprint for soybean production in areas of recent agricultural expansion of the Brazilian savannah (Cerrado)","volume":"251","author":"Severo Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clean Prod."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01080-x","article-title":"Effects of replacing soybean meal with enzymolysis-fermentation compound protein feed on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2448164","article-title":"Impact of Lonicera hypoglauca leaf inclusion on immune and antioxidant responses in geese","volume":"24","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16023493","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling and identification of transcription factors in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) in response to PEG treatment, using illumina paired-end sequencing technology","volume":"16","author":"An","year":"2015"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.11.020","article-title":"Substitution of ramie (Boehmeria nivea I) for alfalfa in improving the carcass and meat quality of Liuyang Black goats","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.06.020","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity of leaf extracts from ten ramie cultivars","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind Crop Prod."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.781196","article-title":"Hwang JT. Boehmeria nivea attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory markers by inhibiting p38 and JNK phosphorylations in RAW2647 macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823734","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.823734","article-title":"Effects of dietary ramie powder at various levels on the production performance, serum biochemical indices, antioxidative capacity, and intestinal development of laying hens","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839217","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.839217","article-title":"Effect of dietary ramie powder (Boehmeria nivea) at various levels on growth performance, carcass and meat qualities, biochemical indices, and antioxidative capacity of Linwu ducks","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162045","article-title":"Effect of dietary ramie powder at various levels on the growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical indices and antioxidative capacity of Yanling white geese","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854760","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.854760","article-title":"Effect of ramie on the production performance of laying hens, and the quality, nutrient composition, antioxidation of the eggs","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129576","article-title":"Plant-based proteins from agro-industrial waste and by-products: Towards a more circular economy","volume":"261","author":"Hadidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00699-y","article-title":"Starchy and fibrous feedstuffs differ in their in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics and differently modulate gut microbiota of swine","volume":"13","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182883","article-title":"Enrichment of a plant feedstuff mixture's nutritional value through solid-state fermentation","volume":"13","author":"Filipe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skae293","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae293","article-title":"A blend of bacillus-fermented soybean meal, functional amino acids, and nucleotides improves nutrient digestibility, bolsters immune response, reduces diarrhea, and enhances growth performance in weaned piglets","volume":"102","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21594","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c04526","article-title":"Branched short-chain fatty acid-rich fermented protein food improves the growth and intestinal health by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites in young pigs","volume":"72","author":"Chi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101730","article-title":"Tomato pomace as a nontraditional feedstuff: productive and reproductive performance, digestive enzymes, blood metabolites, and the deposition of carotenoids into egg yolk in quail breeders","volume":"101","author":"Reda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101732","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with itaconic acid on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, slaughter variables, blood biochemical parameters, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens","volume":"101","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107798","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1107798","article-title":"Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health of broilers","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.05.029","article-title":"Ramie, a multipurpose crop: potential applications, constraints and improvement strategies","volume":"137","author":"Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind Crop Prod."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13031","article-title":"Effects of dietary ramie powder at various levels on growth performance, antioxidative capacity and fatty acid profile of finishing pigs","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2018.04.019","article-title":"Effects of dietary ramie powder at various levels on carcass traits and meat quality in finishing pigs","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01891-5","article-title":"Effects of dietary ramie level on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, and meat quality of Boer goats","volume":"51","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.11.019","article-title":"Age-associated changes in caecal microbiome and their apparent correlations with growth performances of layer pullets","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20883","article-title":"Temporal profiles describing markers of inflammation and metabolism during the transition period of pasture-based, seasonal-calving dairy cows","volume":"105","author":"Spaans","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.11.007","article-title":"Serum biochemical parameters and amino acids metabolism are altered in piglets by early-weaning and proline and putrescine supplementations","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243479","article-title":"Alleviation of catching and crating stress by dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis in Pekin ducks","volume":"12","author":"Mitin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151889","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates heat stress-induced impairment of meat quality in broilers by regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Zhao YY Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01322333","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats","volume":"151","author":"Kakkar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111795","article-title":"Age-related morphological and functional changes in the small intestine of senescence-accelerated mouse","volume":"163","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10192","article-title":"Effect of l-theanine on growth performance, intestinal development and health, and peptide and amino acid transporters expression of broilers","volume":"100","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2022.2151944","article-title":"Effects of encapsulated thymol and carvacrol mixture on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function and intestinal health of broilers","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital J Anim Sci."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.06.015","article-title":"Methodologies for energy evaluation of pig and poultry feeds: a review","volume":"8","author":"Noblet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.04.005","article-title":"The gut microbiota: stable bioreactor of variable composition","volume":"33","author":"Mithieux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.05.008","article-title":"Connecting the immune system, systemic chronic inflammation and the gut microbiome: The role of sex","volume":"92","author":"Rizzetto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103574","article-title":"An investigation into the influence of fermented cottonseed meal on the productive performance, egg quality, and gut health in laying hens","volume":"103","author":"Ashayerizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113059","article-title":"Fermented corn-soybean meal mixed feed modulates intestinal morphology, barrier functions and cecal microbiota in laying hens","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103647","article-title":"Duck compound probiotics fermented diet alters the growth performance by shaping the gut morphology, microbiota and metabolism","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253778","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1253778","article-title":"Metagenomic characterization of the cecal microbiota community and functions in finishing pigs fed fermented Boehmeria nivea","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2023"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.02.009","article-title":"rtop: An R package for interpolation of data with a variable spatial support, with an example from river networks","volume":"67","author":"Skoien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Geosci."},{"key":"B43","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Edn."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1646055\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:35:38Z","timestamp":1754314538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1646055\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1646055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1646055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"article-number":"1646055"}}