{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:55:58Z","timestamp":1790409358259,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The zero by 30 initiative aims to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030, for which dog vaccination is a crucial pillar. This study piloted four different dog vaccination campaign strategies in Kyegegwa, a rural district in Uganda, where rabies is endemic, and compared the vaccination coverages achieved by the strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four vaccination strategies were rolled out, each in three parishes from different sub-counties: (i) static point vaccination (SP), (ii) school-based (SB, i.e., information campaigns were mainly conducted at schools and vaccination was done at the school during weekends), (iii) integrated dog with livestock vaccination (D-L), and (iv) integrated dog vaccination with human health services (D-H, One Health approach). Vaccination coverage was estimated using transect and household survey data, analyzed with a Bayesian model that estimated, besides the vaccination coverage, the dog population size and the proportion of ownerless dogs for each dog population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean vaccination coverage achieved among the owned dog population across the three parishes for each respective strategy was 29.5% for SP strategy (the model converged in one parish only), 53.9% (range 27.4\u201379.5%) for SB, 66.2% (range 53.5 and 86.0%) for the D-L, and 74.5% (range 63.7 and 88.4%) for D-H. The mean proportion of ownerless dogs in the villages investigated was estimated at 0.1% for the parishes with SP strategy, 7.0% (range 0.1\u201320.8%) for SB strategy, 29.7% (range 0.5\u201388.1%) for D-L, and 7.9% (range 0.3\u201317.7%) for D-H strategy villages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The strategy integrating dog vaccination with human health services outperformed the other strategies by achieving the highest mean vaccination coverage and reaching a constantly high coverage of above 60% for all the three parishes of that strategy. This demonstrates the potential of the human-animal integrated D-H vaccination strategy as an effective approach for rabies control. Sensitization strategies for dog owners also depended in the vaccination strategy performed, i.e., spread of information through health centers for the D-H strategy, which is part of the success of this strategy. The study needs to be taken as a pilot, because of limitations such as different settings between the sub-counties. Further testing across diverse settings can help assess integrated dog vaccination strategies\u2019 consistency and scalability, providing valuable insights for developing a One Health model to strengthen future rabies elimination efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1656563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:27:54Z","timestamp":1760365674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparing vaccination coverage and dog population demographics among four pilot dog rabies vaccination strategies in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dickson","family":"Akankwatsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Odoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna 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