{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:47:32Z","timestamp":1787161652445,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine if a newly formulated diet with safe and highly digestible ingredients,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      DSM 15544, fructo-oligosaccharides, animal plasma protein, dried whole yeast and sepiolite contributes toward the management of canine acute diarrhea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The new diet (Diet B) will reduce the time to achieve normal fecal consistency compared to a highly digestible control (Diet A).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicenter randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed study with adult dogs with mild to moderate acute signs (less than 7\u202fdays) of uncomplicated diarrhea as inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria were history of gastrointestinal signs, lack of correct vaccination and deworming, abnormal ultrasound examination, and previous administration of antibiotics, omeprazole or nutritional supplement. Response variables were compared using the appropriate bivariate test, time to recovery was analyzed using survival analysis techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred eleven dogs finished the study. Dogs fed Diet B (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f56) had a quicker recovery time of fecal consistency compared to A (3.6\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.9 vs. 5.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f0.9\u202fdays). Fecal frequency and odor were also quickly restored compared to diet A. Survival analysis confirmed a 1.6 times greater chance of recovery with Diet B compared to diet A. Feeding Diet B also improved dysbiosis index at recheck compared to diet A (\u22121\u202f\u00b1\u202f3 vs. 0.65\u202f\u00b1\u202f3).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diet B resulted in faster clinical resolution, improved fecal consistency, frequency, odor and reduced incidence of dysbiosis compared to Diet A, making it a superior dietary approach in the management of mild acute diarrhea in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1665730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:30:27Z","timestamp":1765780227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A new highly digestible prescription diet containing Bacillus velezensis DSM 15544, fructo-oligosaccharides, plasma immunoglobulin, yeast and sepiolite for the management of acute diarrhea in dogs\u2014a randomized double-blinded, controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Jeusette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Apper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Fragua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Badiella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Feo Bernabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/vmrr.s162774","article-title":"Chronic enteropathy in canines: prevalence, impact and management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Dandrieux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02775-3","article-title":"Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care: results and applications","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90501","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090501","article-title":"Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.044","article-title":"Surveillance of diarrhoea in small animal practice through the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET)","volume":"201","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080725","article-title":"Acute Diarrhea in Dogs: Current Management and Potential Role of Dietary Polyphenols Supplementation","volume":"9","author":"Candellone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.02.009","article-title":"A case\u2013control study of pathogen and lifestyle risk factors for diarrhoea in dogs","volume":"99","author":"Stavisky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11050197","article-title":"The Effect of Metronidazole versus a Synbiotic on Clinical Course and Core Intestinal Microbiota in Dogs with Acute Diarrhea","volume":"11","author":"St\u00fcbing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2005.00745.x","article-title":"Early enteral nutrition in young dogs suffering from haemorrhagic gastroenteritis","volume":"52","author":"Will","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Veterinary Med Ser A"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2024.106208","article-title":"European network for optimization of veterinary antimicrobial therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines for antimicrobial use in canine acute diarrhoea","volume":"307","author":"Jessen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10030233","article-title":"Fecal Protein Profile in Eight Dogs Suffering from Acute Uncomplicated Diarrhea before and after Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Cerquetella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050681","article-title":"Updating the Classification of Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathies in Dogs","volume":"14","author":"Dupouy-Manescau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18849\/ve.v7i2.393","article-title":"Should we prescribe oral metronidazole or probiotics for acute gastroenteritis in dogs?","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet \u00c9vid"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.07.0476","article-title":"Effects of dietary cellulose on clinical and gut microbiota recovery in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea: a randomized prospective clinical trial","volume":"263","author":"Holz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/mib.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current understanding of dysbiosis in disease in human and animal models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15775","article-title":"Effect of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid on clinical scores, intestinal microbiome, and amoxicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea","volume":"34","author":"Werner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix136","article-title":"A dysbiosis index to assess microbial changes in fecal samples of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy","volume":"93","author":"AlShawaqfeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127259","article-title":"Characterization of microbial dysbiosis and metabolomic changes in dogs with acute diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"Guard","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15871","article-title":"Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs","volume":"34","author":"Pilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04760","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2017.4760","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Calsporin\u00ae (Bacillus subtilis DSM 15544) as a feed additive for dogs","volume":"15","author":"Rychen","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114672","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis C-3102 improves gut health indicators and fecal microbiota of dogs","volume":"270","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref22","author":"Salas_Mani","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7917","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237917","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma and Hydrolyzed Porcine Protein as Animal-Blood-Derived Protein Ingredients for Pet Nutrition","volume":"28","author":"Kazimierska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.01.012","article-title":"Porcine immunoglobulins survival in the intestinal tract of adult dogs and cats fed dry food kibbles containing spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) or porcine immunoglobulin concentrate (PIC)","volume":"139","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Use of an in-vitro model of the canine gut epithelium to study interactions with Campylobacter and","author":"Lynch","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233297","article-title":"Evaluating the functional properties of spray-dried porcine plasma in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed low fish meal diets","volume":"12","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Alacid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13435","article-title":"Effects of spray-dried animal plasma on the growth performance of weaned piglets\u2014a review","volume":"105","author":"Balan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59756-z","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with spray-dried porcine plasma has prebiotic effects on gut microbiota in mice","volume":"10","author":"Moret\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102431","article-title":"Spray-dried porcine plasma enhances feed efficiency, intestinal integrity, and immune response of broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis","volume":"102","author":"Daneshmand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233366","article-title":"Use of Different Synbiotic Strategies to Improve Gut Health in Dogs","volume":"14","author":"Montserrat-Malagarriga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114518001952","article-title":"Effects of prebiotic inulin-type fructans on blood metabolite and hormone concentrations and faecal microbiota and metabolites in overweight dogs","volume":"120","author":"Alexander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brit J Nutr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1436-x","article-title":"Influence of dietary protein and fructooligosaccharides on fecal fermentative end-products, fecal bacterial populations and apparent total tract digestibility in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Pinna","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8182008x","article-title":"Nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations, and protein catabolites as affected by fructan supplementation of dog diets","volume":"81","author":"Flickinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.2002.00386.x","article-title":"Faecal bacterial profile, nitrogen excretion and mineral absorption in healthy dogs fed supplemental oligofructose","volume":"86","author":"Beynen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279506","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1279506","article-title":"Potential benefits of yeast Saccharomyces and their derivatives in dogs and cats: a review","volume":"10","author":"Maturana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref36","year":""},{"key":"ref37","year":""},{"key":"ref38","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-4571(08)70044-X","article-title":"Sepiolite: Properties and Uses","volume":"37","author":"Alvarez","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev Sedimentol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8850","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2024.8850","article-title":"Safety of a feed additive consisting of sepiolite for all animal species (Sepiol S.A. and Tolsa S.A.)","volume":"22","author":"Bampidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16360","article-title":"Efficacy of feeding a diet containing a high concentration of mixed fiber sources for management of acute large bowel diarrhea in dogs in shelters","volume":"36","author":"Lappin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203","article-title":"Stool Form Scale as a Useful Guide to Intestinal Transit Time","volume":"32","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00163","article-title":"A Randomized Double Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of a Probiotic or Metronidazole for Acute Canine Diarrhea","volume":"6","author":"Shmalberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15554","article-title":"Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal disease in dogs: A systematic review","volume":"33","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02450.x","article-title":"A Scoring Index for Disease Activity in Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Jergens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Nuevo programa para el c\u00e1lculo del tama\u00f1o muestral: Ene 2.0","author":"Badiella","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Nonparametric Statistical Methods","author":"Hollander","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31532-0","article-title":"European dog owner perceptions of obesity and factors associated with human and canine obesity","volume":"8","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Prieto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1951","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1951s","article-title":"Risk factors for obesity in dogs in France 1, 2","volume":"136","author":"Colliard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103090","article-title":"Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs: 108 cases","volume":"176","author":"Mortier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16084","article-title":"A retrospective study of 237 dogs hospitalized with suspected acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome: Disease severity, treatment, and outcome","volume":"35","author":"Dupont","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5167\/uzh-31198","article-title":"Clinical benefits of probiotic canine-derived Bifidobacterium animalis strain AHC7 in dogs with acute idiopathic diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204691","article-title":"Effect of probiotic treatment on the clinical course, intestinal microbiome, and toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea","volume":"13","author":"Ziese","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.015","article-title":"A canine-specific probiotic product in treating acute or intermittent diarrhea in dogs: A double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy study","volume":"197","author":"G\u00f3mez-Gallego","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15481","article-title":"Efficacy of an orally administered anti-diarrheal probiotic paste (Pro-Kolin Advanced) in dogs with acute diarrhea: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical study","volume":"33","author":"Nixon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061484","article-title":"Comparison of the therapeutic effect of treatment with antibiotics or nutraceuticals on clinical activity and the fecal microbiome of dogs with acute diarrhea","volume":"11","author":"Pignataro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.106054","article-title":"Efficacy of antimicrobial and nutraceutical treatment for canine acute diarrhoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis for European Network for Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines","volume":"303","author":"Scahill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.08.0349","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial demonstrates nutritional management is superior to metronidazole for treatment of acute colitis in dogs","volume":"260","author":"Rudinsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skac048","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac048","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with fiber, \u201cbiotics,\u201d and spray-dried plasma affects apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and the fecal characteristics, fecal microbiota, and immune function of adult dogs","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051907","article-title":"The Fecal Microbiome in Dogs with Acute Diarrhea and Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"7","author":"Suchodolski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00192","article-title":"Fecal Microbial and Metabolic Profiles in Dogs With Acute Diarrhea Receiving Either Fecal Microbiota Transplantation or Oral Metronidazole","volume":"7","author":"Chaitman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03439-6","article-title":"Variations in gut microbiome and metabolites of dogs with acute diarrhea in poodles and Labrador retrievers","volume":"205","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02977-05","article-title":"Alteration of the Canine Small-Intestinal Lactic Acid Bacterium Microbiota by Feeding of Potential Probiotics","volume":"72","author":"Manninen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9768","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009768","article-title":"Phylogenetic characterization of fecal microbial communities of dogs fed diets with or without supplemental dietary fiber using 454 pyrosequencing","volume":"5","author":"Middelbos","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114514003274","article-title":"Modulation of the faecal microbiome of healthy adult dogs by inclusion of potato fibre in the diet","volume":"113","author":"Panasevich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.17","article-title":"Understanding the canine intestinal microbiota and its modification by pro-, pre- and synbiotics \u2013 what is the evidence?","volume":"2","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3184","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3184","article-title":"Molecular assessment of the fecal microbiota in healthy cats and dogs before and during supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin using high-throughput 454-pyrosequencing","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Mazcorro","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665713","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.665713","article-title":"Effects of synbiotics on the fecal microbiome and metabolomic profiles of healthy research dogs administered antibiotics: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Whittemore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020506","article-title":"Effect of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic on diet digestibility, fermentative metabolites, and composition and functional potential of the fecal microbiota of dogs submitted to an abrupt dietary change","volume":"11","author":"Bastos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061248","article-title":"The Function of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Canine Intestinal Health and Their Evaluation Criteria","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1590\/s0103-84782010005000166","article-title":"Digestibility and fecal characteristics of dogs fed with Bacillus subtilis in diet","volume":"40","author":"F\u00e9lix","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cienc Rural"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1017\/jan.2019.2","article-title":"Effect of Calsporin\u00ae (Bacillus subtilis C-3102) addition to the diet on faecal quality and nutrient digestibility in healthy adult dogs","volume":"7","author":"Schauf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.019","article-title":"Lactate- and acetate-based cross-feeding interactions between selected strains of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and colon bacteria in the presence of inulin-type fructans","volume":"241","author":"Moens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100714","article-title":"Physico-Chemical Properties of Clay Minerals and Their Use as a Health Promoting Feed Additive","volume":"9","author":"Nadziakiewicza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5578\/kvj.25260","article-title":"Investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of Sepiolite in neonatal calf diarrhea","volume":"2","author":"Elitok","year":"2016","journal-title":"IBBJ"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.136796","article-title":"Spray-dried porcine plasma influences intestinal barrier function, inflammation,and diarrhea in weaned pigs","volume":"141","author":"Peace","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s44280-023-00020-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of probiotic Bacillus against enteric bacterial infections","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health Advances"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394167227.ch2","article-title":"Immune Response of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides","volume-title":"Prebiotics and Probiotics in Disease Regulation and Management","author":"Vijayasarathy","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00011-0","article-title":"Section II: Approach to Clinical Signs of Gastrointestinal Disease","author":"Marks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Canine and Feline Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.05.600","article-title":"Role of low dietary fat in the treatment of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"56","author":"Westermarck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.8.2166s","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and adverse reaction to food in dogs: a positive response to a high-fat, soy isolate hydrolysate\u2013based diet","volume":"134","author":"Biourge","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"42","article-title":"Mct in dog food","volume":"40","author":"Beynen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Creature Companion"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954422425100115","article-title":"Exploring the efficacy and optimal dosages of omega-3 supplementation for companion animals","volume":"38","author":"Vendramini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skac078","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac078","article-title":"Functional properties of miscanthus fiber and prebiotic blends in extruded canine diets","volume":"100","author":"Finet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skac281","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac281","article-title":"A proof of principle study investigating the effects of supplemental concentrated brewer\u2019s yeast on markers of gut permeability, inflammation, and fecal metabolites in healthy non-challenged adult sled dogs","volume":"100","author":"Rummell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213117","article-title":"In vitro fermentation characteristics of dietary fibers using fecal inoculum from dogs consuming a dried brewers yeast product","volume":"15","author":"Hidrogo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"978","volume-title":"Ettinger's Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","author":"Ettinger","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2015.06.002","article-title":"Acute diarrhea: evidence-based management","volume":"91","author":"Brandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/mpg.0000000000002053","article-title":"Universal recommendations for the management of acute diarrhea in nonmalnourished children","volume":"67","author":"Guarino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1665730\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:30:31Z","timestamp":1765780231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1665730\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fvets.2025.1665730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1665730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-1769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-1769","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"article-number":"1665730"}}