{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:13:20Z","timestamp":1763144000806,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00247989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00247989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) is an effective treatment for canine hydrocephalus, but complications related to ventricular catheter (VC) misplacement remain a concern. Although neuronavigation improves accuracy, its cost and complexity limit veterinary use. Patient-specific 3D-printed guiding systems (PS-3DGS) offer a potential alternative.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To compare the accuracy and feasibility of PS-3DGS compared to electromagnetic neuronavigation for VC placement in 3D-printed canine cranio-ventricular models (CVMs) and Beagle dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Animals and study design<\/jats:title>\n \n Ten 3D-printed CVMs (\n ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n study) and five experimental Beagle dogs (\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n study).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n VC placement was performed using PS-3DGS and neuronavigation in CVMs and experimental animals. Accuracy was assessed by the distance from the VC tip to the foramen of Monro (DFM), tip coordinates (X, Y, Z axes), tip placement error, intraventricular insertion length (IIL), and catheter contact with the ventricular wall (VVL). Intraoperative procedural time and anatomical variables, including skull and cranial indices, were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n PS-3DGS showed no significant difference in DFM compared to neuronavigation in CVMs and Beagle dogs. PS-3DGS achieved significantly lower VVL and reduced procedural time than neuronavigation in the CVM study (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.011 and\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.039, respectively). In dogs, DFM with PS-3DGS was comparable to both neuronavigation and the\n ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n results. Entry point error correlated negatively with cranial index (r\u202f=\u202f\u22120.9,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f0.037).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n PS-3DGS provided accuracy comparable to neuronavigation while simplifying the procedure. It represents a viable, cost-effective alternative for canine VPS surgery, potentially enhancing catheter placement and reducing complications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1665844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1763143806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative accuracy evaluation of patient-specific 3D-printed guide and neuronavigation for ventriculoperitoneal shunt in dogs: a dual-phase ex vivo and in vivo study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"YoungJin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheongwoon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaemin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Meij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haebeom","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1355","article-title":"The spinal cord and meninges","volume-title":"Miller and Evans' anatomy of the 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