{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:31:52Z","timestamp":1789705912289,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Vet. Sci."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Artificial insemination (AI) is a critical tool for genetic improvement and fertility management in goats. This study examined the effects of semen deposition site (uterine body, cervix, vagina) and vaginal mucus type (cloudy, turbid, clear) on pregnancy rate, kidding rate, and average litter size in 300 CIDR-synchronized Alpine does in southern Taiwan. Semen deposited in the uterine body combined with cloudy mucus yielded the highest pregnancy rate (55.9%), while vaginal deposition with clear mucus resulted in the lowest (30.7%). Two-way ANOVA showed significant main effects and interactions for pregnancy rate and average litter size (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05), but no significant effect on kidding rate. Pregnant does exhibited lower vaginal mucus electrical conductivity, higher pH, and elevated temperature compared to non-pregnant does, suggesting these parameters as potential biomarkers for estrus detection. Findings highlight the importance of precise semen placement and optimal mucus condition for improving AI protocols in goats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1667834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:14:38Z","timestamp":1761279278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimizing artificial insemination in goats: semen deposition site and vaginal mucus characteristics as predictive biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ting-Chieh","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-Fei","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsai-Tzu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Branch, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Ling","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perng-Chih","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","place":["Pingtung, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology","place":["Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.03.007","article-title":"Estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in goats","volume":"23","author":"Kutzler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-61-459-2018","article-title":"The effects of natural mating and artificial insemination using cryopreserved buck semen on reproductive performance in alpine goats","volume":"61","author":"Agossou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Anim Breed"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.70003","article-title":"Reproduction in goats. 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